Electrocatalytic water splitting has been widely considered as a promising approach to produce clean H2. The anodic half reaction of water splitting, the O2 evolution reaction (OER), is the kinetic bottleneck of the overall process and its product O2 is not of high value. Herein, we report a novel strategy to replace OER with a thermodynamically more favorable anodic reaction, furfural oxidation to 2‐furoic acid. Furfural is one of the dehydration products of biomass and its oxidation product 2‐furoic acid has many industrial applications. A bifunctional electrocatalyst of Ni2P‐derived arrays on nickel foam (Ni2P/Ni/NF) was developed for the integrated electrocatalysis of both furfural oxidation and H2 production. When Ni2P/Ni/NF acts as the electrocatalyst for both anode and cathode, nearly 100 % Faradaic efficiencies for H2 evolution and furfural oxidation were obtained. Such an integrated electrolysis catalyzed by Ni2P/Ni/NF required an applied voltage ≈110 mV smaller than that of pure water splitting to achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2, together with robust stability. Overall, our novel electrolyzer produced valuable products at both electrodes (H2 at cathode and 2‐furoic acid at anode) and may extend to the coupling of H2 evolution with many other valuable organic oxidation reactions.
By reformulating the linear complementarity problem into a new equivalent fixed-point equation, we deduce a modified modulus method, which is a generalization of the classical one. Convergence for this new method and the optima of the parameter involved are analyzed. Then, an inexact iteration process for this new method is presented, which adopts some kind of iterative methods for determining an approximate solution to each system of linear equations involved in the outer iteration. Global convergence for this inexact modulus method and two specific implementations for the inner iterations are discussed. Numerical results show that our new methods are more efficient than the classical one under suitable conditions.
A formula for the relationship between the α-decay energies (Q values) of superheavy nuclei (SHN) is presented, which is composed of the effects of Coulomb energy and symmetry energy. It can be employed not only to validate the experimental observations and measurements to a large extent, but also to predict the Q values of heaviest SHN with a high accuracy generally which will be very useful for future experiments. Furthermore, the shell closures in superheavy region and the effect of the symmetry energy on the stability of SHN against α decay are discussed with the help of this formula.
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