Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has resulted in significant reductions in the yield losses and wheat grain quality. It is extremely important to quantitatively detect and assess such a serious disease rather than visual qualitative description. In comparison with traditional diagnosis method, remote sensing has proven to be a cost-effective tool to achieve such a goal. In this study, we used yellow rust in winter wheat to illustrate the capability of estimating the infection index in different leaf layers of the plant using hyperspectral measurements on individual wheat diseased leaves. The analysis results indicated that the severities showed a gradual increasing trend from F-1 (F=Flag leaf) to F-3, while the relative chlorophyll and nitrogen showed an inverse change. The spectral reflectance gradually increased from F-1 to F-3 in the visible and short-wave infrared (SWIR) regions, while it was the very reverse in the near-infrared (NIR) region. In addition, an integral spectral index -yellow rust spectral index (YRSI) was constructed to quantitatively estimate the disease using the most sensitive bands in the visible (704 nm), NIR (1423 nm) and SWIR (1926 nm) regions. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) reaches 0.88 between the disease severity (DS%) and YRSI, which shows that the index can be suitable and effective to estimate the infection severity for a wheat plant.
The extant literature has indicated that upstream supplier encroachment on the incumbent retailer could be beneficial to the supplier, the retailer, and the entire industry, when the supplier’s marketing disadvantage satisfies specific conditions. This study extends the previous investigations about supplier encroachment to the circumstance where the supplier is capable of managing and mitigating her marketing disadvantage, which further intensifies the retail competition and provides new managerial implications about the encroachment. We find that encroachment with cost reduction efforts does not necessarily hurt the retailer and the industry but always benefit the supplier and consumers. Compared to encroachment without the cost reduction effort, encroachment with cost reduction efforts does not necessarily benefit the supplier and the industry. Between encroachment with and without cost reduction efforts, the retailer and consumers always prefer the latter and the former, respectively. Our findings provide meaningful insights to manage cost reduction efforts in supply chain encroachment.
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This study proposes a group decision making (GDM) method with preference analysis to re-build the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI). Specifically, a single decision maker is firstly identified using a specified individual judgement about the importance order of three sub-indices of the GEI. A preliminary group decision matrix is constructed in terms of taking all possible individual judgments into account. Then the analysis of the preferential differences and preferential priorities with respect to the preliminary group decision matrix is conducted to obtain a revised group decision matrix, in which preferential differences calculate the weighted differences as the degrees of differences among different alternatives for each decision maker, preferential priorities describe the favorite ranking of alternatives for each decision maker. Finally, we employ the Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis for group decision-making (SMAA-2) to create the holistic acceptability indices for measuring the entrepreneurship performance. In addition, a satisfaction index is developed to indicate the merits of proposed GDM method. A case study using the GEI-2019 of 19 G20 countries is carried out to validate our GDM method.
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