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The composition, structure, and functionalities of prolamins from highland barley were investigated. These parameters were compared with those of the commonly applied prolamins (zein). There are more charged and hydrophilic amino acids in highland barely prolamins than zein. The molecular weight of highland barely prolamins was between 30 and 63 kDa, which was larger than that of zein (20 and 24 kDa). The main secondary structure of highland barely prolamins was β-turn helices, while α-helical structures were the main secondary structure in zein. The water holding capacity, thermal stability, emulsifying capacity, and stability of prolamins from highland barley were significantly higher than in zein, while the opposite results were observed for oil absorption capacity between the two. The diameter of fibers prepared using highland barely prolamins was almost six times that of zein, while highland barely prolamins formed ribbon structures instead of fibers. Therefore, the results provide guidance for applications of prolamins from highland barley.

An ultrasonic‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction based on the aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) was applied for the first time in this study for the extraction of flavonoids from Tibetan sea‐buckthorn (Hippophae thibetana S) fruit. The response surface method provided the optimum values of several experimental variables. The best extraction yield of 8.30 ± 0.03% was obtained for two cycles of extraction, using an ultrasound bath temperature of 50°C and liquid–solid ratio 99:1. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was assessed by the in vitro DPPH and ABTS assays, with the IC50 values similar to or better than ascorbic acid (0.343 mg/ml and 0.164 mg/ml, respectively). This study revealed the great potential of ultrasound‐aided ATPS as the green alternative for the extraction of flavonoids from H. thibetana S. The high antioxidant activity of the extract indicates its applicability as a natural functional ingredient for food and other industries. Practical applications In this study, ethanol and ammonium sulfate were selected as extraction and separation solvents to optimize the extraction process of flavonoids from sea buckthorn fruits, which is simpler and more environmentally friendly than the traditional method, while reducing the process cost, and has great application value. In addition, the analysis of the extracted components of edible sea buckthorn fruits revealed that the flavonoids contained in sea buckthorn fruits have antioxidant activity close to that of vitamin C. Combined with the above studies, sea buckthorn fruits have the potential to be developed into functional foods and additives with antioxidant functions.

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The composition, structure and functionalities of prolamins from highland barley was investigated. These parameters of was compared with the widely applied prolamins (zein). There are more charged and hydrophilic amino acids in prolamins from highland barley than zein. The molecu-lar weight of prolamins from highland barley were between 30 to 63 kDa, which was larger than zein (20 to 24 kDa). β-turn helices is the main secondary structure in prolamins from highland barley, while α-helical structure is the main secondary structure in zein. The water holding capacity, thermal stability, emulsifying capacity and stability of prolamins from highland barley is quite lager than zein, while opposite results can be observed for oil absorption capacity. The diameter of fibers prepared with prolamins from highland barley was almost 6 times that of zein, while ribbon structures rather than fibers were formed by prolamins from highland barley. The results would provide the guidance for application of prolamins from highland barley.