The insensitivity of multiphoton microscopy to optical scattering
enables high-resolution, high-contrast imaging deep into tissue,
including in live animals. Scattering does, however, severely limit
the use of spectral dispersion techniques to improve spectral
resolution. In practice, this limited spectral resolution together
with the need for multiple excitation wavelengths to excite different
fluorophores limits multiphoton microscopy to imaging a few,
spectrally distinct fluorescent labels at a time, restricting the
complexity of biological processes that can be studied. Here, we
demonstrate a hyperspectral multiphoton microscope that utilizes three
different wavelength excitation sources together with multiplexed
fluorescence emission detection using angle-tuned bandpass filters.
This microscope maintains scattering insensitivity, while providing
high enough spectral resolution on the emitted fluorescence and
capitalizing on the wavelength-dependent nonlinear excitation of
fluorescent dyes to enable clean separation of multiple, spectrally
overlapping labels, in vivo. We
demonstrated the utility of this instrument for spectral separation of
closely overlapped fluorophores in samples containing 10 different
colors of fluorescent beads, live cells expressing up to seven
different fluorescent protein fusion constructs, and in multiple
in vivo preparations in mouse cortex and
inflamed skin, with up to eight different cell types or tissue
structures distinguished.
The effects of storage temperature on the physicochemical properties and qualities of red brown rice were investigated in this study. The samples were vacuum-packed in nylon/polyethylene pouches and stored at 15 °C, 25 °C and 35 °C for 12 weeks. The moisture content decreased as storage time was prolonged. Rice stored at 15 °C and 25 °C had a lower falling range of water content compared to the samples stored at 35 °C. Free fatty acid values increased fastest when samples were stored at a high temperature, and the rise can be effectively delayed at low temperatures. The pH of residual cooking water and adhesiveness decreased, while the heating water absorption rate and hardness increased during storage for red and brown rice. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance results indicate that water molecules migrated, the binding force of H protons became stronger and the bonds between molecules became closer with increased storage duration. Temperature had an obvious correlation with starch granules and protein structure, characterized by a scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Low temperatures significantly retarded those changes. The results indicate that storage temperature is a vital factor affecting the physicochemical properties and qualities of red brown rice and provided reference and theoretical basis for the actual storage of red brown rice.
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