Arterial stenosis plays an important role in the progressions of thrombosis and stroke. In the present study, a standard axisymmetric tube model of the stenotic artery is introduced and the degree of stenosis η is evaluated by the area ratio of the blockage to the normal vessel. A normal case (η = 0) and four stenotic cases of η = 0.25, 0.5, 0.625, and 0.75 with a constant Reynolds number of 300 are simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD), respectively, with the Newtonian and Carreau models for comparison. Results show that for both models, the poststenotic separation vortex length increases exponentially with the growth of stenosis degree. However, the vortex length of the Carreau model is shorter than that of the Newtonian model. The artery narrowing accelerates blood flow, which causes high blood pressure and wall shear stress (WSS). The pressure drop of the η = 0.75 case is nearly 8 times that of the normal value, while the WSS peak at the stenosis region of η = 0.75 case even reaches up to 15 times that of the normal value. The present conclusions are of generality and contribute to the understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of artery stenosis diseases.

Accurate prediction of the aerothermal environment is of great significance to space exploration and return missions. The canonical Fire II trajectory points are simulated to investigate the radiative transfer in the shock layer for Earth reentry at hypervelocity above 10 km/s using a developed radiation–flowfield uncoupling method. The thermochemical nonequilibrium flow is solved by an in-house PHAROS Navier–Stokes code, while the nongray radiation is integrated by the tangent slab approximation, respectively, combined with the two-, five-, and eight-step models. For the convective heating, the present results agree well with the data of Anderson’s relation. For the radiative heating, the two-step model predicts the closest values with the results of Tauber and Sutton’s relationship, while the five- and eight-step models predict far greater. The three-step models all present the same order of magnitude of radiative heating of 1 MW/m2 and show a consistent tendency with the engineering estimation. The Planck-mean absorption coefficient is calculated to show the radiative transfer significantly occurs in the shock layer. By performing the steady simulation at each flight trajectory point, the present algorithm using a nongray step model with moderate efficiency and reasonable accuracy is promising to solve the real-time problem in engineering for predicting both convective and radiative heating to the atmospheric reentry vehicle in the future.