Densities in liquid solutions of monoethanolamine (MEA) and water have been measured at temperatures from (298.15 to 423.15) K. The mass fraction of MEA ranged from 0.3 to 1.0. Excess volumes were correlated by a Redlich–Kister equation. The model uses a third-order Redlich–Kister equation and a linear relationship with the temperature. Densities of CO2 loaded aqueous MEA solutions were measured at temperatures from (298.15 to 413.15) K. The mass fraction of MEA was 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6. Molar volumes of CO2 loaded aqueous MEA solutions were correlated by the equations from the literature. Polynomial equations are in turn used to correlate the parameters with the temperature. Surface tensions of aqueous MEA solutions were measured at temperatures from (303.15 to 333.15) K. The mass fraction of MEA ranged from 0 to 1.0. The experimental surface tension data were correlated with temperature and mole fraction, respectively.

Establishing a standard Raman spectral database for minerals and related inorganic crystals is a very important basis for further increasing the applications of Raman spectroscopy in the geosciences. However, the Raman spectral pattern of a crystal is a function not only of its composition and structure but also of the scattering geometry during the measurement. Therefore, the standard Raman spectrum of a crystal must be measured under well-defined standard conditions. It would be of great interest to establish a standard measuring configuration with which the characteristic Raman spectra of all mineral crystals could be obtained. Factor-group analysis of the main types of minerals indicates that almost all of them possess a Raman-active totally symmetric (TS) vibrational mode. Therefore, we propose a scheme to measure standard Raman spectra under a scattering geometry set up on the basis of these TS modes. Using this scheme, we were able to establish a database for standard Raman spectra of minerals and related inorganic crystals.

The papain-like cysteine protease CEP1 is involved in clearing cellular contents during programmed cell death and regulating secondary wall thickening during xylem development.

Alongside spatio-temporal distribution of developmental signals themselves, the regulation of signalling capacity plays a pivotal role in setting developmental responses in both plants and animals (1). The hormone auxin is a key signal for plant growth and development that acts through the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors (2-4). Subsets of ARFs, the conserved Class A ARFs (abbreviated ARF ClassA ) (5), are transcriptional activators of auxin-responsive target genes, and are essential for regulating auxin signalling throughout the plant lifecycle (2,3). While ARF ClassA show tissue-specific expression patterns, it is unknown how their expression is regulated. By investigating chromatin modifications and accessibility, we show that loci encoding ARF ClassA are constitutively open for transcription. Using a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) approach, we identify transcriptional regulators of ARF ClassA activator genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, and demonstrate that each ARF ClassA is controlled by specific sets of transcriptional regulators. Transient transformation assays and expression analyses in mutants reveal that the majority of these regulators act as repressors of ARF ClassA transcription in planta. Taken together these observations support a scenario whereby the default configuration of open chromatin enables a network of transcriptional repressors to regulate expression level of ARF ClassA and modulate auxin signalling output throughout development. Transcriptional regulation of ARF ClassA Amongst the 23 Arabidopsis ARFs, ARF5, 6, 7, 8 and 19 are ARF ClassA activators of transcription (3) and are key regulators of both embryonic and post-embryonic development (6-12). In the stem cell niches driving post-embryonic plant development, the root and shoot apical meristems (RAM and SAM) ( 6), tissue-specific variation of ARF ClassA expression (Fig. 1a,b), is thought to be a key determinant of the diversity of auxin responses (14,15). ARF ClassA are encoded by genes with 11-14 introns and the first intron of ARF7 and 19 is 3 around 3 times bigger than the other introns. We tested the role of upstream sequences in determining ARF ClassA expression by comparing patterns in meristems from transcriptional reporter lines (Fig. 1a,b, Extended Fig. 1a-j) using either sequences 3-5 kb 5' of the ATG and 3' up to the end of the first intron for ARF6, 7 and 19 or the 5' sequences alone (designated respectively pARF and pARF -intron ). A difference between the two reporters was only seen for ARF7 (Fig. 1a,b, Extended Fig. 1c,h). Only the ARF7 transcriptional reporter including the first intron showed a strong expression in the RAM (Fig. 1b). The 3' sequence thus contains regulatory information required for ARF7 expression in the root. Comparison with patterns of ARF ClassA reporters with shorter 2 kb promoters (Extended Fig. 1k-o, ( 14)) and with patterns observed with RNA in situ hybridization (Extended Fig. 1p-r; (15,16)) further showed that sequences upstream of the first 2 kb 5' of the ATG are necessary for regulat...