SAE INTERNATIONAL • Background: opportunities and challenges with ejector cooling cycles • Research motivation: optimize ejector cycle performance under changing working conditions/capacities (common in automotive applications) by adjusting ejector motive nozzle • New solution: swirl ejector-utilizing controllable swirl at the motive inlet of the ejector to adjust mass flow rate and condenser outlet quality/subcooling (Swirl nozzle/valve has been recognized as a reliable flow modulation method as early as 1960s (Mayer, 1967; Wormley, 1969)) • Research approach: − Swirl nozzle tests with refrigerant (R134a) − Visualization and modeling of low-quality flow expanded in the nozzle • Conclusions
Improvement of the overall efficiency of energy infrastructure is one of the main anticipated benefits of the deployment of smart grid technology. Advancement in energy storage technology and two-way communication in the electric network are indispensable components to achieve such a vision, while efficient pricing schemes and appropriate storage management are also essential. In this paper, we propose a universal pricing scheme which permits one to indirectly control the energy storage devices in the grid to achieve a more desirable aggregate demand profile that meets a particular target of the grid operator such as energy generation cost minimization and carbon emission reduction. Such a pricing scheme can potentially be applied to control the behavior of energy storage devices installed for integration of intermittent renewable energy sources that have permission to grid connection and will have broader applications as an increasing number of novel and low-cost energy storage technologies emerge.
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