Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder of premenopausal women worldwide and is characterized by reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic abnormalities. The clinical manifestations of PCOS include oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, ovarian polycystic changes, and infertility. Women with PCOS are at an increased risk of suffering from type 2 diabetes; me\tabolic syndrome; cardiovascular events, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia; gynecological diseases, including infertility, endometrial dysplasia, endometrial cancer, and ovarian malignant tumors; pregnancy complications, such as premature birth, low birthweight, and eclampsia; and emotional and mental disorders in the future. Although numerous studies have focused on PCOS, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease remain unclear. Mitochondria play a key role in energy production, and mitochondrial dysfunction at the cellular level can affect systemic metabolic balance. The recent wide acceptance of functional mitochondrial disorders as a correlated factor of numerous diseases has led to the presupposition that abnormal mitochondrial metabolic markers are associated with PCOS. Studies conducted in the past few years have confirmed that increased oxidative stress is associated with the progression and related complications of PCOS and have proven the relationship between other mitochondrial dysfunctions and PCOS. Thus, this review aims to summarize and discuss previous and recent findings concerning the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and PCOS.

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Reactions of 2,6-(ArNdCH) 2 C 6 H 3 Li with AlEt 2 Cl afford a number of NCN pincer aluminum complexes (2, 7)) and monoligated NCN pincer zinc complex (2,6-(ArNdCH) 2 C 6 H 3 )ZnEt (Ar=2,6-i Pr 2 C 6 H 3 (8)). All complexes were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structures of complexes 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 were determined by X-ray crystallography. The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that both complexes 3 and 4 adopt a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry around the aluminum central metal with three carbon atoms in the equator and the two imine nitrogen atoms in the apical positions. Complexes 6 and 7 adopt a distorted tetrahedral geometry around their zinc metal centers, while complex 8 adopts a square-planar geometry around its metal center. All these Al and Zn complexes are efficient initiators for L-lactide ring-opening polymerization in the presence of benzyl alcohol, and the polymerization reaction takes place in an immortal manner. The productivity of the Zn complexes is generally higher than that of the Al complexes under similar conditions.

A series of novel protic pyrazolium ionic liquids are first synthesized and utilized as catalysts for cycloaddition of carbon dioxide and epoxides to form cyclic carbonates under metal-and solvent-free conditions. The new developed protic pyrazolium ionic liquids present excellent catalytic activity toward the fixation of carbon dioxide. More importantly, they would be prepared by a facile two-step reaction from cheap raw starting materials with a yield more than 90%. The influence of catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, carbon dioxide pressure, and reaction time on the synthesis of cyclic carbonates is investigated to identify the optimal reaction conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the catalyst suitability is studied. Additionally, the possible reaction mechanism is investigated by the double-IL model to elucidate the synergistic effects of electrostatic and weak interaction in the catalytic process.

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