The ionization and dissociation fractions of CO2 molecule are studied under impact of 10-30 keV negative ions H − , C − and O − . The four recoil ions originating from the target molecule CO2 (CO + 2 , CO + , O + , and C + ) are measured and identified in coincidence with projectiles in two final charge states(q = 0 and q = +1) by using time-of flight spectrometer. The ionization and dissociation fractions of CO2 are found to associate with the momentum of the impacting ions. We also analyze the fractions for ionization and dissociation from a physical point. No comparison is given since no other experimental and theoretical data exist in the investigated energy range.
Exclusive bus lanes have demonstrated their effectiveness in increasing capacity and efficiency. However, when discussing the optimal design of exclusive bus lanes at the network level, existing studies predominantly focus on the interaction between transit and private vehicles at the links, while operational dynamics at the intersections and their impacts were insufficiently addressed. This paper contributes to developing a mathematical model for exclusive bus lane network design with operational dynamics at intersections explicitly captured. In the proposed model, lane re-configuration for transit and private vehicles at both road segments and intersections along with signal timing optimization are integrated in a unified framework. The model features a bi-level structure with the objective for reducing the total system person travel time. A genetic algorithm embedded with Emme is used for yielding solutions to the model. Results from both numerical and empirical tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and reveal that setting of exclusive bus lanes in the network without explicit consideration of intersection operational dynamics can significantly undermine the network performance with respect to both bus passengers and private vehicles.
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