BackgroundThe clinical decision support system(CDSS) has potential to improving medication safety. However, the effects of the intervention were conflicting and uncertain. Meanwhile, the reporting and methodological quality of this field were unknown.ObjectiveThe aim of this overview is to evaluate the effects of CDSS on medication safety and to examine the methodological and reporting quality.MethodsPubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched to August 2015. Systematic reviews (SRs) investigating the effects of CDSS on medication safety were included. Outcomes were determined in advance and assessed separately for process of care and patient outcomes. The methodological quality was assessed by Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) and the reporting quality was examined by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).ResultsTwenty systematic reviews, consisting of 237 unique randomized controlled trials(RCTs) and 176 non-RCTs were included. Evidence that CDSS significantly impacted process of care was found in 108 out of 143 unique studies of the 16 SRs examining this effect (75%). Only 18 out of 90 unique studies of the 13 SRs reported significantly evidence that CDSS positively impacted patient outcomes (20%). Ratings for the overall scores of AMSTAR resulted in a mean score of 8.3 with a range of scores from 7.5 to 10.5. The reporting quality was varied. Some contents were particularly strong. However, some contents were poor.ConclusionsCDSS reduces medication error by obviously improving process of care and inconsistently improving patient outcomes. Larger samples and longer-term studies are required to ensure more reliable evidence base on the effects of CDSS on patient outcomes. The methodological and reporting quality were varied and some realms need to be improved.

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Clinical decision support systems improved the quality of diabetes care by inconsistently improving process of care or patient outcomes. There is evidence that CDSS for providing alerts, reminders, or feedback to participants were most likely to impact diabetes care. Poor reporting of methodological domains, together with qualitative or narrative methods to combine findings, may limit the confidence in research evidence.

A continuing rise in acid deposition can cause forest degradation. In China, acid deposition has converted gradually from sulfuric acid deposition (SAD) to nitric acid deposition (NAD). However, the differing responses of photosynthesis and growth to depositions of sulfuric vs. nitric acid have not been well studied. In this study, 1-year-old seedlings of Schima superba, a dominant species in subtropical forests, were treated with two types of acid deposition SO4 (2-)/NO3 (-) ratios (8:1 and 0.7:1) with two applications (foliar spraying and soil drenching) at two pH levels (pH 3.5 and pH 2.5) over a period of 18 months. The results showed that the intensity, acid deposition type, and spraying method had significant effects on the physiological characteristics and growth performance of seedlings. Acid deposition at pH 2.5 via foliar application reduced photosynthesis and growth of S. superba, especially in the first year. Unlike SAD, NAD with high acidity potentially alleviated the negative effects of acidity on physiological properties and growth, probably due to a fertilization effect that improved foliar nitrogen and chlorophyll contents. Our results suggest that trees were damaged mainly by direct acid stress in the short term, whereas in the long term, soil acidification was also likely to be a major risk to forest ecosystems. Our data suggest that the shift in acid deposition type may complicate the ongoing challenge of anthropogenic acid deposition to ecosystem stability.

The dehydration of carbohydrates to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is still a major challenge in the bioenergy industry. In this study, metal-containing silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves (MeSAPO-5) with different Si/Al ratios were first synthesized from attapulgite by the hydrothermal method and applied to the dehydration of carbohydrate. The morphology, structure, and acid properties of MeSAPO-5 molecular sieves were studied by XRD, SEM, EDX, TG/DTA, pyrolysis IR (Py-IR), and NH 3 -TPD. The results indicated that MeSAPO-5 catalyst with Si/Al ratio of 0.25 provided much more acid active sites for feasible accessibility of HMF, after partial Al atoms were substituted by Si and Me atoms. The further increase of Si/Al ratio resulted in the decrease of the acidity of the molecular sieves, which significantly influenced their catalytic performance. Over the MeSAPO-5(0.25Si) catalyst, the HMF yield of 73.9% was obtained at 170°C with 2.0 h. This indicated that MeSAPO-5 molecular sieves were a fairly promising catalyst for the carbohydrates dehydration to HMF.