A localized and efficient current drive method in the outer-half region of the tokamak with a large inverse aspect ratio is proposed via the Ohkawa mechanism of electron cyclotron (EC) waves. Further off-axis Ohkawa current drive (OKCD) via EC waves was investigated in high electron beta β e HL-2M-like tokamaks with a large inverse aspect ratio, and in EASTlike tokamaks with a low inverse aspect ratio. OKCD can be driven efficiently, and the driven current profile is spatially localized in the radial region, ranging from 0.62 to 0.85, where the large fraction of trapped electrons provides an excellent advantage for OKCD. Furthermore, the current drive efficiency increases with an increase in minor radius, and then drops when the minor radius beyond a certain value. The effect of trapped electrons greatly enhances the current driving capability of the OKCD mechanism. The highest current drive efficiency can reach 0.183 by adjusting the steering mirror to change the toroidal and poloidal incident angle, and the total driven current by OKCD can reach 20-32 kA MW −1 in HL-2M-like tokamaks. The current drive is less efficient for the EAST-like scenario due to the lower inverse aspect ratio. The results show that OKCD may be a valuable alternative current drive method in large inverse aspect ratio tokamaks, and the potential capabilities of OKCD can be used to suppress some important magnetohydrodynamics instabilities in the far off-axis region.
For railway companies, the benefits from revenue management activities, like inventory control, dynamic pricing, and so forth, rely heavily on the accuracy of the short-term forecasting of the passenger flow. In this paper, based on the analysis of the relevance between final booking amounts and shapes of the booking curves, a novel short-term forecasting approach, which employs a specifically designed clustering algorithm and the data of both historical booking records and the bookings on hand, is proposed. The empirical study with real data sets from Chinese railway shows that the proposed approach outperforms the advanced pickup model (one of the most popular models in practice) during the early and middle stages of booking horizon when bookings are not concentrated in the final days before departure.
Our aim was to clarify the optimum pre-ablative thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level for initial radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). From December 2015 to May 2019, 689 patients undergone RRA at Nuclear Medicine Department, Second Hospital of Shandong University were included in the study. Patients were categorized by their pre-ablative TSH level grouping of < 30, 30–70 and ≥ 70 mIU/L. Response to RRA were evaluated as complete response (including excellent and indeterminate response) and incomplete response (including biochemical and structural incomplete response) after a follow-up of 6–8 months. Multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to explore the optimum pre-ablative TSH level range and independent factors associated with response to RRA. Rates of complete response to RRA were 63.04%, 74.59% and 66.41% in TSH level groups of < 30, 30–70 and ≥ 70 mIU/L, separately. With multivariate analysis, the study found that pre-ablative TSH levels, gender and lymph node dissection were independent predictors of response to RRA. TSH between 30 and 70 mIU/L had a higher rate of complete response compared with TSH < 30 mIU/L, OR 0.451 (95% CI 0.215–0.958, P = 0.036). A pre-ablative TSH level of 30–70 mIU/L was appropriate for patients with DTC to achieve a better response to RRA.
Purpose To explore the factors that influence the short-term clinical outcome after the first 131 I treatment of papillary thyroid micro carcinoma (PTMC). Patients and Methods From October 2015 to June 2018, patients who were diagnosed with PTMC with lymph node metastasis were analyzed retrospectively, excluding patients with incomplete clinical data, distant metastasis, positive TGAb, TSH<30 mIU/L. The baseline data of sex, age, time from last surgery to first 131 I treatment, tumor pathology information, and biochemical information were collected before admission. All patients included had radioactive iodine (RAI) with 3.70 GBq. The treatment response of patients was evaluated 6–8 months after discharge. By means of univariate and multivariate analysis, including excellent response (ER) and non-excellent response (NER) groups of clinical data, we assessed the impact of 131 I on patients’ outcome. A nomogram model was established based on the above independent risk factors. Results A total of 206 patients (59 males and 147 females, mean age 43.4 ± 10.6 years) were included in the study. The median follow-up time was 169.4 ± 10.5 days, including 139 patients in ER group (67.4%) and 67 patients in NER group (32.5%). Four factors including combining Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, pre-ablative Tg levels, UIE levels, and lateral lymph node numbers were statistically different between ER group and NER group with significance at P < 0.05. Further multivariate analysis showed that Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Ps-Tg levels could be used as independent factors. The model verification showed that the C-index of the modeling set was 0.822, indicating that the nomogram model had a good predicted accuracy. Conclusion Our data suggest that coexisting Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and elevated Ps-Tg levels are predictive factors for short-term outcome of thyroid micro papillary carcinoma after 131 I treatment. Also, the nomogram model had a good predicted accuracy.
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