Stem cell-based regenerative therapies have recently become promising and advanced for treating stroke. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have received the most attention for treating stroke because of the outstanding paracrine function of MSCs and the three-germ-layer differentiation ability of iPSCs. However, the unsatisfactory homing ability, differentiation, integration, and survival time in vivo limit the effectiveness of MSCs in regenerative medicine. The inherent tumorigenic property of iPSCs renders complete differentiation necessary before transplantation, which is complicated and expensive and affects the consistency among cell batches. Multilineage differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells are natural pluripotent stem cells in the connective tissues of nearly every organ and thus are considered nontumorigenic. A single Muse cell can differentiate into all three-germ-layer, preferentially migrate to damaged sites after transplantation, survive in hostile environments, and spontaneously differentiate into tissue-compatible cells, all of which can compensate for the shortcomings of MSCs and iPSCs. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the biological properties of Muse cells and highlights the differences between Muse cells and other types of stem cells. Finally, we summarized the current research progress on the application of Muse cells on stroke and challenges from bench to bedside.
Background Neuroinflammation is closely related to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Because of the extensive sources, non-invasive and periodical collection method, human menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells (MenSCs) have been explored as a promising tool for treatment of PD. This study aimed to investigate if MenSCs could inhibit neuroinflammation in PD rats by regulating M1/M2 polarization and to excavate the underlying mechanisms. Methods MenSCs were co-cultured with 6-OHDA-exposed microglia cell lines. Then the morphology of microglia cells and the level of inflammatory factors were assessed by immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. After MenSCs were transplanted into the brain of PD rats, animal motor function, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, and the level of inflammatory factors in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were detected to evaluate the therapeutic potential of MenSCs. Meanwhile, the expression of M1/M2 phenotype related genes was detected by qRT-PCR. One protein array kit containing 1000 kinds of factors was used to detect the protein components in the conditioned medium of MenSCs. Finally, bioinformatic analysis was performed to analyze the function of factors secreted by MenSCs and the signal pathways involved in. Results MenSCs could suppress 6-OHDA-induced microglia cell activation and significantly decrease inflammation in vitro. After transplantation into the brain of PD rats, MenSCs improved animal motor function, which was indicated by the increased movement distance, ambulatory episodes, exercise time on the rotarod, and less contralateral rotation. Additionally, MenSCs reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons and down-regulated the level of pro-inflammatory factors in the CSF and serum. Moreover, q-PCR and WB results showed the transplantation of MenSCs significantly down-regulated the expression of M1 phenotype cell markers and meanwhile up-regulated the expression of M2 phenotype cell markers in the brain of PD rats. 176 biological processes including inflammatory response, negative regulation of apoptotic process, and microglial cell activation were enriched by GO-BP analysis. 58 signal pathways including PI3K/Akt and MAPK were enriched by KEGG analysis. Conclusions In conclusion, our results provide preliminary evidence for the anti-inflammation capacity of MenSCs by regulating M1/M2 polarization. We firstly demonstrated the biological process of factors secreted by MenSCs and the signal pathways involved in using protein array and bioinformatic analysis.
Background: The hyperactivation of microglia is closely related to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Because of the extensive sources, non-invasive and periodical collection method, human menstrual blood-derived endometrium stem cells (MenSCs) have been explored as a promising tool for treatment of PD. This study aimed to investigate if MenSCs could inhibit neuroinflammation in PD rats by regulating M1/M2 polarization and to excavate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: MenSCs was co-cultured with 6-OHDA-exposed microglia cell lines. Then the morphology of microglia cells and the level of inflammatory factors were assessed by immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. After MenSCs was transplanted into the brain of PD rats, animal motor function, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the level of inflammatory factors in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were detected to evaluate the therapeutic potential of MenSCs. Meanwhile, the expression of M1/M2 phenotype related genes was detected by qRTPCR. One protein array kit containing 1000 kinds of factors was used to detect the protein components in the conditioned medium of MenSCs. Finally, bioinformatic analysis was performed to analyze the function of factors secreted by MenSCs and the signal pathways involved in. Results: MenSCs could suppress 6-OHDA-induced microglia cell activation and significantly decrease inflammation in vitro. After transplantation into the brain of PD rats, MenSCs improved animal motor function, which was indicated by the increased movement distance, ambulatory episodes, exercise time on the rotarod, and less contralateral rotation. Additionally, MenSCs reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons and down-regulated the level of pro-inflammatory factors in the CSF and serum. Moreover, MenSCs significantly down-regulated the expression of M1 microglia markers and meanwhile up-regulated the expression of M2 microglia markers. 176 biological processes including inflammatory response, negative regulation of apoptotic process, and microglial cell activation were enriched by GO-BP analysis. 58 signal pathways including PI3K/Akt and MAPK were enriched by KEGG analysis. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results provide preliminary evidence for the anti-inflammation capacity of MenSCs by regulating microglia polarization. We firstly demonstrated the biological process of factors secreted by MenSCs and the signal pathways involved in using protein array and bioinformatic analysis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.