Excessive application of fertilizers has become a major issue in croplands of intensive agricultural systems in China, resulting in severe non-point source pollution; thus, reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers has received significant attention. Improving the nutrient storage capacity of soils or substrates is an effective approach for solving this problem. Humic acids (HA) are excellent soil conditioners. Thus, in the present study, their ability to improve the physico-chemical properties of three substrates with different textures was evaluated. HA treatments included 1% HA root application in three different types of substrates, including pure sand, pure cocopeat, and a mixture of sand:cocopeat (1:1, v/v) and their relative controls. We examined the morphological parameters of cucumber seedlings as well as pH buffering capacity (pHBC), total organic carbon (TOC), organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and nutrient storage capacity of the three substrates. The results show that HA application improved the morphological parameters of cucumber seedlings (plant height, stem diameter, and biomass) in pure cocopeat and cocopeat-sand mixture treatments. On the contrary, HA addition had harmful effects on the cucumber seedlings cultivated in sand due to the low pHBC of sand. The seedlings cultivated in pure cocopeat showed the best morphological parameter performances among the seedlings grown in the three substrates. Furthermore, pHBC, TOC, OM, and CEC were enhanced by HA application. Incorporation of HA improved ammonium (NH4+) and potassium (K+) storage capacity while decreasing phosphorus (P) storage. Pure cocopeat had the highest pHBC, TOC, OM, CEC, and nutrient storage capacity among the three substrates. In conclusion, mixing 1% HA into substrates promoted cucumber growth, improved substrate properties, and enhanced fertilizer use efficiency. Pure cocopeat is a suitable substrate for cucumber cultivation, and mixing cocopeat with sand amends the substrate properties and consequently improves plant growth.
Cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii glover, are major pest threats to cotton plants, leading to quality and yield loss of cotton. Rapid and accurate evaluation on the occurrence and quantity of cotton aphids can help precision management and treatment of cotton aphids. The occurrence rules of cotton aphids on different leaf positions in cotton seedling stage for two cultivars of cotton were studied. The quantity of cotton aphids in the whole cotton seedlings were predicted based on the single leaf cotton aphid quantity. The correlation analysis results showed that cotton aphids of single leaf were significantly and positively correlated with the infected time, the all leaves of the whole plant, the whole plant contained all leaves and branches. The variance analysis results showed that cotton aphids of single leaf were significant difference with the extension of infected time. Based on different leaf positions, monitoring models were constructed respectively. The modelling set’s determination coefficient of ‘Xinluzao-45’ was greater than 0.8, while ‘Lumainyan-24’ was greater than 0.6. The best monitoring leaf position was the third for ‘Xinluzao-45’, the sixth for ‘Lumianyan-24’. From the data analysis, we can realize that it is feasible to construct a monitoring model based on the occurrence of cotton aphid in one leaf in cotton seedling, and different cotton varieties have different leaf positions. This will greatly reduce the investment of manpower and time.
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