Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fibers spun at different take-up speeds (10.6−61.0 m/min)
were subjected to stretch−hold deformation at room temperature and in-situ simultaneous synchrotron
small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Crystal transformation from α to β form and
morphological changes in lamellar and fibrillar structures were analyzed in detail. All fibers were found
to yield at an early stage of deformation, resulting in alternating necked and unnecked regions along the
fiber. From the two-dimensional (2-D) wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns, mixed α and β
(minor fraction) forms were found to coexist in the undrawn fibers. Deformation assisted in the conversion
from the α-form into the β-form. In necked regions, more α to β transformation took place than in unnecked
regions. The overall crystallinity index and unit cell parameters of the α form did not change significantly
prior to necking. From the 2-D small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns, two kinds of equatorial
streaks were observed. The first kind originated from fiber of high take-up speed (61.0 m/min) under
zero or small strain, and the second kind came from highly deformed fibers (all take-up speeds) in both
necked and unnecked regions. These two kinds of equatorial streaks were attributed to the formation of
microfibrils and microvoids, respectively. The dimensions of the lengths of microfibrils and microvoids
were estimated by Ruland's method. Meridianal scattering maxima from a lamellar morphology were
observed in the SAXS patterns in fibers under zero or low strain. The long period of the lamellar structure,
estimated using correlation function analysis, increased with strain. Results from SAXS and WAXD
analysis suggest that the formation of defects during yielding and plastic flow facilitates the α to β crystal
phase transformation, and a phase, similar to conformationally disordered phase, whose density is close
to that of crystal, is induced out of the amorphous phase in lamellar structure with application of strain.
Background
The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease is causing considerable acute risk to public health and might also have an unanticipated impact on the mental health of children and adolescents in the long run. This study collected data during the national lockdown period in China and aims to understand whether there is a clinically significant difference in anxiety, depression, and parental rearing style when comparing adolescents from Wuhan and other cities in China. This study also intends to examine whether gender, grade in school, single child status, online learning participation, parents’ involvement in COVID-19 related work, and parents being quarantined or infected due to the disease would lead to clinically significant differences in anxiety and depression. Beyond that, this study explored the pathways among the different variables in order to better understand how these factors play a part in impacting adolescents’ mental health condition.
Results
Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in anxiety symptoms between participants who were from Wuhan compared to other urban areas, but not in depressive symptoms. In addition, participants’ grade level, gender, relative being infected, and study online have direct positive predictive value for depressive and anxiety symptoms, whereas location and sibling status have indirect predictive value. Having relatives who participated in COVID-19 related work only had positive direct predictive value toward depression, but not anxiety.
Conclusions
This study discovered several risk factors for adolescents’ depression and anxiety during the pandemic. It also called for a greater awareness of Wuhan parents’ mental wellbeing and recommended a systematic approach for mental health prevention and intervention.
PET has the potential to perform absolute in vivo radiotracer quantitation. This potential can be compromised by voluntary body motion (BM), which degrades image resolution, alters apparent tracer uptakes, introduces CT-based attenuation correction mismatch artifacts and causes inaccurate parameter estimates in dynamic studies. Existing body motion correction (BMC) methods include frame-based image-registration (FIR) approaches and real-time motion tracking using external measurement devices. FIR does not correct for motion occurring within a pre-defined frame and the device-based method is generally not practical in routine clinical use, since it requires attaching a tracking device to the patient and additional device set up time. In this paper, we proposed a data-driven algorithm, centroid of distribution (COD), to detect BM. In this algorithm, the central coordinate of the time-of-flight (TOF) bin, which can be used as a reasonable surrogate for the annihilation point, is calculated for every event, and averaged over a certain time interval to generate a COD trace. We hypothesized that abrupt changes on the COD trace in lateral direction represent BMs. After detection, BM is estimated using non-rigid image registrations and corrected through list-mode reconstruction. The COD-based BMC approach was validated using a monkey study and was evaluated against FIR using four human and one dog studies with multiple tracers. The proposed approach successfully detected BMs and yielded superior correction results over conventional FIR approaches.
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