Most chelation-assisted aliphatic C-H activation proceeds through a kinetically favored five-membered cyclometalated intermediate. Here, we report the first site-selective alkenylation of δ-C(sp(3))-H in the presence of more accessible γ-C(sp(3))-H bonds via a kinetically less favored six-membered palladacycle. A wide range of functional groups are tolerated, and the unique protocol can be applied to the synthesis of chiral piperidines. Moreover, mechanistic insights have been conducted to elucidate the origin of the unusual site-selectivity.
The site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp )-H bonds remains one of the greatest challenges in organic synthesis. Herein, we report on the site-selective δ-C(sp )-H alkylation of amino acids and peptides with maleimides via a kinetically less favored six-membered palladacycle in the presence of more accessible γ-C(sp )-H bonds. Experimental studies revealed that C-H bond cleavage occurs reversibly and preferentially at γ-methyl over δ-methyl C-H bonds while the subsequent alkylation proceeds exclusively at the six-membered palladacycle that is generated by δ-C-H activation. The selectivity can be explained by the Curtin-Hammett principle. The exceptional compatibility of this alkylation with various oligopeptides renders this procedure valuable for late-stage peptide modifications. Notably, this process is also the first palladium(II)-catalyzed Michael-type alkylation reaction that proceeds through C(sp )-H activation.
A palladium-catalyzed monoarylation of β-methyl C(sp(3))-H of an alanine derivative with aryl iodides using an 8-aminoquinoline auxiliary is described. The reaction is highly efficient, scalable and compatible with a variety of functional groups with complete retention of chirality, providing a general and practical access to various β-aryl-α-amino acids. The synthetic potential of this protocol is further demonstrated in the sequential synthesis of diverse β-branched α-amino acids.
A mild Co(III)-catalyzed oxidative annulation of N-arylureas and internal alkynes has been developed. The use of less electrophilic ureas other than acetamides as directing groups is crucial for the reaction. A broad range of synthetically useful functional groups are compatible with this reaction, thus providing a new opportunity for the synthesis of diverse indoles.
A direct α-Csp-H methylenation of arylketones to form C═C bond using dimethyl sulfoxide as one-carbon source is achieved under transition metal-free reaction condition. Various aryl ketone derivatives react readily with DMSO, producing the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in yields of 42 to 90%. This method features a transition metal-free reaction condition, wide substrate scope and using DMSO as novel one-carbon source to form C═C bond, thus providing an efficient and expeditious approach to an important class of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Based on the preliminary experiments, a plausible mechanism of this transformation is disclosed.
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