One of the most chronic constraints to crop production is the grain yield reduction near the crop harvest stage by lodging worldwide. This is more prevalent in cereal crops, particularly in wheat and rice. Major factors associated with lodging involve morphological and anatomical traits along with the chemical composition of the stem. These traits have built up the remarkable relationship in wheat and rice genotypes either prone to lodging or displaying lodging resistance. In this review, we have made a comparison of our conceptual perceptions with foregoing published reports and proposed the fundamental controlling techniques that could be practiced to control the devastating effects of lodging stress. The management of lodging stress is, however, reliant on chemical, agronomical, and genetic factors that are reducing the risk of lodging threat in wheat and rice. But, still, there are many questions remain to be answered to elucidate the complex lodging phenomenon, so agronomists, breeders, physiologists, and molecular biologists require further investigation to address this challenging problem.

A b s t r a c t This paper presents a robust adaptive neural control approach for a class of perturbed strict feedback nonlinear system with both completely unknown virtual control coefficients and unknown nonlinearities. The unknown nonlinearities comprise two types of nonlinear functions: one naturally satisfies the "triangularity condition" and can be approximated by linearly parameterized neural networks; while the other is assumed to be partially known and consists of parametric uncertainties and known "bounding i u mtions". it has been proven that the proposed robust adaptive scheme can guarantee the uniform ultimate boundedness of the closed-loop system signals. Simulation studies show the effectiveness of the proposed approach 1 Introduction

Novel self-crosslinked alkaline anion exchange membranes with high alkaline stability, excellent dimensional stability and extraordinary methanol resistance were synthesized successfully without using any catalyst or a separate crosslinker.

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