The present study used differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and UV spectrometry to examine: i) the encapsulation of an organic UV filter 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)propane-1,3-dione (avobenzone) within modified dextrin and ii) the characteristics of these inclusion complexes (MDA). The properties of avobenzone emulsions with and without encapsulation in modified dextrin, the in vitro UV protection factor, dissolution and release, and the skin penetrability of avobenzone were also examined. The presence of inclusion complexes significantly decreased the tendency of the UV filter to penetrate the skin. In addition, such inclusion complexes should effectively prevent skin damage from radiation extending from the UVA to the UVC.

AB STRACTDe tailed pro files of dis solved and par tic u late 234 Th, 210 Pb, and 210 Po ac tiv i ties at three sta tions in the Hung-Tsai Trough off south west ern Tai wan were de ter mined. The to tal 234 Th ac tiv ity is 20 ~ 25% de fi cient from its sec u lar equi lib rium in the en tire wa ter col umn. Ex cept for an ev i dent ex cess of 210 Po at some depths in the mixed layer and in the pycnocline layer, to tal 210 Po ac tiv ity is also lower than to tal 210 Pb ac tiv ity. As a re sult of at mo spheric de po si tion, 210Pb is about 25% in ex cess of its par ent, 226 Ra, through out the wa ter col umn of the Hung-Tsai Trough. The ra tios of the dis tri bu tion co ef fi cients of 234 Th, 210 Pb,and 210 Po show that the or der of par ti cle af fin ity is Po > Th ~ Pb in the mixed layer and bot tom layer, whereas the or der changes, due to par ti cle re gen er a tion, into Th > Pb > Po in the pycnocline layer of the Hung-Tsai Trough.Mass bal ance equa tions in cor po rat ing hor i zon tal advection are es tab lished to es ti mate the scav eng ing and re moval rates of 234 Sci., 20, 411-423, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2008.01.09.01(Oc) IN TRO DUC TIONThe con vey ance of par ti cle-re ac tive el e ments from the up per wa ter col umn to sed i ments sig nif i cantly re lies on the set tling of par tic u late mat ter. The three most par ti cle-re active radionulides of Po have been ex ten sively used as pow er ful trac ers for the study of par ti cle dy nam ics in the ocean. With a proper mass bal ance setup based on the fact that the ra dio ac tive dis equi lib rium be tween long-lived par ent and short-lived daugh ter radionuclides re flects the ver ti cal fluxes out of the sys tem, ex port fluxes can then be quantitatively estimated.Pro duced con stantly from

Concentrations of dissolved (234 Th d) and particulate (234 Th p) 234 Th in surface water at 38 stations in the Taiwan Strait were determined for samples collected in May 2006. The spatial distribution of 234 Th in the Taiwan Strait is controlled by advective input of Kuroshio Branch Water via the Peng-Hu Channel and fast removal due to the high input of riverine particulates from the Cho-Sui River. A scavenging model involving physical transport was applied to the 234 Th d and 234 Th p data to estimate scavenging and removal rates of 234 Th. Estimated scavenging rate ranges from 32 to 703 dpm m-3 d-1 and the removal rate ranges from 24 to 560 dpm m-3 d-1. Using 234 Th as a proxy of particulate organic carbon, we estimate that the removal rate of POC from surface water of the Taiwan Strait ranges from 0.3 ± 1.5 mmol-C m-3 d-1 off southwestern Taiwan to 10.2 ± 3.5 mmol-C m-3 d-1 in the central Taiwan Strait.

Dissolved and particulate 234 Th activities in surface seawater were determined at 27 stations along the coastline of western Taiwan during 19-23 November 2004. Contrasting scavenging settings were observed between the northern and southern regimes of the nearshore water off western Taiwan, separated by the Cho-Shui River. The northern regime is characterized by a large quantity of suspended load contributed by northward transport of a suspension plume from the Cho-Shui River, while the southern regime, low in suspended load and high in chlorophyll concentration, is a system controlled by biological activity. A scavenging model that takes account of the physical transport was used to estimate the 234 Th budget in order to estimate the scavenging and removal rates from the nearshore water. The scavenging and removal rates ranged from 21 to 127 dpm m -3 d -1 and from 36 to 525 dpm m -3 d -1 , for dissolved and particulate 234 Th, respectively. The removal fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) were estimated by multiplying the particulate 234 Th removal flux to the organic carbon/ 234 Th and nitrogen/ 234 Th ratios in suspended particles, which ranged from 4.5 to 275.2 mmol-C m -2 d -1 and from 1.3 to 50.1 mmol-N m -2 d -1 , respectively. These fluxes resulted in residence times of 1~20 days for the POC in the surface water of nearshore water off western Taiwan.mechanism of scavenging and removal processes by which particle-reactive elements are scavenged and removed.The coastal waters of western Taiwan are subject to the influence of four major river systems, characterized by their high suspended loads from high denudation rates of western Taiwan (Dadson et al., 2003). From the north to the south of western Taiwan, the Dan-Shui River (DSR) receives large amounts of sewage effluent discharged from metropolitan Taipei and is severely threatened by environmental degradation (Wen et al., 2008); the Cho-Shui River (CSR) is laden with the highest particulate matter concentration among all rivers of Taiwan; the Jen-Wen River (JWR) is known for its barrier islands and lagoon settings (Liu et al., 2000); and the southernmost Kao-Pin River (KPR) collects the municipal sewage effluents discharged from Kaohsiung, the second largest city of Taiwan, and serves as the major source of fluvial sediments in the shelf-slope region off southwestern Taiwan (Kao et al., 2006).The naturally-occurring isotope 234 Th (t 1/2 = 24.1 days) is one of the most particle-reactive elements with a particle-water distribution coefficient (i.e. K d , the ratio

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