Highlights d Courting flies perform circling which is highly visual yet multimodal d View-tuned body-part-specific position and motion cue guide conspecific action selection d Orchestrated wing and leg actions induce mutual synchronization in interacting pair d Integrating spatiotemporally structured conspecific cue with goal direct circling
Indigenous peoples’ environments can be easily disrupted by foreign investments, and disputes have occasionally occurred over the past few years. The objective of this research article is to examine if current international investment law, especially its investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism, could provide necessary protection to Indigenous rights. We searched all publicly available ISDS cases from 2000 to 2020, and selected 10 typical ones for comprehensive case study by using various research methods such as doctrinal legal research and comparative analysis. Our research revealed that Indigenous peoples’ participation in the ISDS proceedings is legally restrained, time-consuming, and rarely favorably decided by the arbitral tribunals. Responsibility for such undesirable outcomes rests with all stakeholders involved in the process, while the consequences of post-arbitration tend to be “triple losing”. These findings highlight the quest for a more sustainable international investment regime that promotes Indigenous peoples’ wellbeing and environment protection. We argue that future reform could be promoted not only over ISDS procedural matters, but also by upgrading substantive rules in international investment agreements (IIAs), emphasizing free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), and strengthening foreign investors’ corporate social responsibilities (CSR).
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