In this study, different fractions of fly ashes, poly (tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG), and excess 4, 4Ј-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) were added into a reactor to form the polyurethane (PU)/fly ashes blend. It is evident that heavy metals can be encapsulated in PU foam, which was shown by the results of a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test. After the tensile strength test, the elongation test, and the hardness test, the physical and chemical properties of the PU/fly ashes blend were acceptable for commercial applications. Meanwhile, based on the leaching criteria of Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Taiwan, comparing the new PU/fly ashes blended with 18% fly ashes and PU/fly ashes blended in ambience at room temperature for 1 year's time revealed both blends to function effectively in the tests. The results from the weatherability test illustrate that the maximum percentage of fly ashes allowed in the blends was 18%. Therefore, fly ashes blended with PU foam was a new and effective recycle method to deal with MSW. We aim to evaluate the processing parameters to create a new application option of the fly ashes so that the treatment loading of residual can be reduced.
This investigation examines characteristics of sulfonated polyether imides (SPEI) with various ion exchange capacity values (IEC) and completes previous work to enable its blends to be adopted as polyelectrolyte in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). Polyether imides (PEI) were sulfonated by using chlorosulfonic acid as the sulfonating agent and chloroform as the solvent. The structure of SPEI was observed by FTIR and 1 H NMR. The sulfonate or sulfonic acid content of the polymers, expressed as a number per repeat unit of the polymer, was accurately determined by elemental analysis and conductometric titration. Physical properties such as solubility, intrinsic viscosities, thermal stability, and glass transition temperature (T g ) were studied for both PEI and SPEI. TGA-FTIR verified that sulfonic groups, attached to the aromatic ring in the PEI backbone, are split at 230-3508C, but the main-chain splitting temperature of SPEI is similar to that of pure polymer. The sulfonated samples exhibited good solubilities and increased glass transition temperatures (T g values) as degree of sulfonation (DS) increased; two T g values were detected when IEC was sufficiently high.
This study elucidates the behaviour of heavy metals in slag produced from four different sewage sludge ashes mixed with municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash and then co-melted. Experimental results indicate that sewage sludge ashes consisted of SiO(2), CaO, and Al(2)O(3). Fly ash consisted of CaO, Na(2)O and SO(3). The speciation of sewage sludge ashes indicates that the ashes contained quartz and AlPO(4). The speciation in fly ash consisted of anhydrite, microcline, calcium chloride, sylvite and halite. The leaching behaviours of sewage sludge ashes met the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration's regulatory standards. The fly ash had high concentrations of Zn and Pb; however, the leaching of these metals was low. The major components of synthetic slags were SiO(2) (33.5-54.0%), CaO (21.4-36.7%), and Al(2)O(3) (8.1-15.7%). The X-ray diffraction patterns of co-melted slags demonstrate that the slags contained significant amounts of glass. Most heavy metals can be fixed in a net-like structure; thus, they can not be extracted easily. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leaching concentrations for target metals in all slags met the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration's regulatory standards.
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