In order to make clear the functions of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on bacteriostasis and air decontamination, we analyzed the composition and content of VOCs in Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., P. bungeana Zucc., Sabina chinensis Antoine, Picea koraiensis Nakai, and Cedrus deodara G. Don under near-natural conditions using the thermal-desorption cold trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometer technique. The effects of the VOCs on airborne microorganisms were investigated using the method of natural sedimentation. Results showed that the major VOCs were as follows: limonene, β-pinene, α-pinene, and α-caryophyllene in Pinus tabulaeformis and P. bungeana; limonene, borneol acetate, β-pinene, myrcene, and tricylene in S. chinensis; limonene, α-pinene, myrcene, camphene, and β-pinene in Picea koraiensis; and limonene, 2, (10)-pinene, α-pinene, and myrcene in C. deodara. These VOCs and the corresponding foliar extracts inhibited the growth of bacteria and stimulated the growth of fungi. Experimental data using monomers of the VOCs demonstrated that limonene, β-pinene, and three aldehydes could significantly inhibit bacterial growth, suggesting an inhibitory effect of VOCs on the growth of airborne microorganisms in the five conifer species. The bacteriostasis and air-decontaminating effects of plant VOCs are further discussed in terms of their chemical composition.
Anoplophora glabripennis (Motsch.) is a woodboring beetle that is native to China. For a long time, it caused great losses in the economy and ecology of northwest China. Attractants are often used to control insects. The volatiles emitted from the host plant play an important role for insects in finding their target. To explore the mechanism of selectivity to different host plants, the response of Anoplophora glabripennis to four different host plants was investigated, which included Acer negundo L., Acer mono Maxim., Acer truncatum Bunge. and Acer platanoides L., and the compounds in the profiles of volatiles were identified from these species. The olfactory responses of Anoplophora glabripennis to the odors of different plants showed preference for certain host plants: Acer negundo, Acer mono and Acer truncatum. The attraction of Acer negundo and Acer mono was significantly different (p<0.05). The attraction of Acer negundo to the insects was stronger than to Acer mono. Acer platanoides neither attracted nor repelled the insects. Compounds in the profiles of volatiles from the above four species were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) equipped with a CP-4020 termodesorption and cold trap (TCT) device. The constituents of volatiles and the relative concentrations were different in the four host species. The amount of ketones, alcohols and aldehydes in the four plants showed the same order: Acer negundo
Using the thermal-desorption cold trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (TCT-GC-MS) technique, the composition and relative contents of volatile compounds were analyzed in undamaged (control), insect-damaged (ID) and artificially-damaged (AD) leaves of Pinus massoniana in field at different times and levels of damage. Results showed that although volatile substances were highly released earlier in AD leaves plants, they were significantly less abundant in AD than in ID leaves treatments. Also, the damage level considerably influenced the changes of induced volatile products from leaves. Compared with the control, the emission rate of camphene, β-pinene, phellandrene, caryophyllene and (E)-farnesene was high after 1 h in 25%-40% ID-affected leaves, whereas that of tricyclene, myrcene, camphene, β-Pinene, phellandrene and caryophyllene reached its maximum after 24 h in 60%-75% ID-affected leaves. In the same manner, some volatile compounds in the AD leaves treatment displayed their peaks just after 1 h, but others after 24 h. The AD and ID leaves at the damage level of 25%-40% did not exhibit an obvious regularity with time; however, in 60%-75% AD leaves, peaks of volatile substances were attained after 1 or 2 h. Our results also showed that the relative content of β-pinene increased and was higher in damaged than control plants. β-pinene plays an important role in inducing the insect resistance of P. massoniana trees.
No abstract
Rapid changes in induced non-volatile secondary metabolites in damaged Pinus massoniana Lamb.Abstract Plants initiate the development of defense mechanisms as soon as pests start to cause damage to them. In order to have a thorough understanding of the physiological mechanisms of the Pinus massoniana selfdefense mechanism, and to provide a theoretical foundation for an effective ecological management of this plant, levels of tannin, polyamine and phenolic acids were analyzed in undamaged (UDL), insect-damaged (IDL) and artificially-damaged (ADL) leaves at different times. Results show that, although the content of tannin significantly increased in IDL and ADL compared to UDL, its peaks appeared earlier in ADL than in IDL treatment. Tannin concentration substantially increased again 48 h after IDL treatment. On the other hand, the damage mode considerably affected putrescine and spermidine levels in leaves. Their concentrations in IDL plants remained higher than in UDL after a relatively long time (72 h), but spermine was barely detected in any of the samples. In general, total content of phenol acids significantly increased in damaged leaf treatments (ADL and IDL), with a higher level in IDL for most of the investigated phenolic acids, except for ferulic acid. Our study showed that, when damaged by insects, Pinus massoniana rapidly produces substances required in resistance induction to insects in order to insure its self-protection.
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