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miR-150 may be a potential noninvasive tumor marker for various human cancers and further studies with a large sample size are needed to confirm.

Many patients with depression have comorbidities associated with an impairment of sensorimotor gating, such as e.g. schizophrenia, Parkinson Disease, or Alzheimer disease. Anti-depressants like clomipramine that modulate serotonergic or norepinephrinergic neurotransmission have been shown to impact sensorimotor gating, it is therefore important to study potential effects of clomipramine in order to rule out an exacerbation of sensorimotor gating impairment. Prior studies in animals and humans have been inconclusive. Since serotonin and norepinephrine levels are closely related to anxiety and stress levels and therefore to the social status of an animal, we tested the hypothesis that acute and chronic effects of clomipramine on sensorimotor gating are different in dominant versus subordinate rats, which might be responsible for conflicting results in past animal studies. We used habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response as operational measures of sensorimotor gating. After establishing the dominant animal in pair-housed male rats, we injected clomipramine for two weeks and measured acute effects on baseline startle, habituation and PPI after the first injection and chronic effects at the end of the two weeks. Chronic treatment with clomipramine significantly increased habituation in subordinate rats, but had no effect on habituation in dominant animals. Furthermore, PPI was slightly enhanced in subordinate rats upon chronic treatment while no changes occurred in dominant animals. We conclude that the social status of an animal, and therefore the basic anxiety/stress level determines whether or not clomipramine has a beneficial effect on sensorimotor gating and discuss possible underlying mechanisms.

Osman et al Original vs. 2019 version of Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses 2 © 2021 Canadian Urological Association MethodsThis IRB approved cross-sectional study evaluated 103 consecutively identified cystic (≤25% enhancing (1)) masses: 70.9% (73/103) with pathological confirmation (80.8% [59/73] malignant, 19.2% [14/73] benign), and 29.1% (30/103) Bosniak 2/2F masses classified by an expert genitourinary radiologist each with minimum 5 years stability on follow-up (1); the latter group added to balance distribution of cystic masses among the Bosniak categories, Figure 1. Cystic masses were identified through a PACS and pathology database search for the term 'Bosniak' between 2010-2020. All masses were imaged with renal protocol CT or MRI. For patients with both CT and MRI, MRI was evaluated since MRI is known to result in a higher Bosniak class (6). A portion of the study population has been evaluated previously [BLINDED]; however, the purpose of specifically comparing agreement between the two systems over time with and without use of a support calculator has not been previously studied.Three blinded fellowship-trained abdominal radiologists (R2-R4, years of experience 5-8) independently assigned Bosniak.original Class first and then Bosniak.v2019 Class second during one session. After a ≥2-month washout period, R2-R4 re-assigned Bosniak.original and Bosniak.v2019 Class during a second session. Before the second session, radiologists were provided with a pictorial review of the Bosniak.v2019 system, decision support flow diagrams (5) and an on-line support calculator developed for Bosniak.v2019 (bosniakcalculator.herokuapp.com). The radiologists jointly trialed the calculator using 5 test cases in conjunction with R1. Inter-observer and intra-observer agreement were calculated using Cohen's Kappa and agreement between Bosniak.original and Bosniak.v2019 was also calculated for both sessions. Kappa values of 0-2.0 indicated slight agreement, 2.1-4.0 fair agreement, 4.1-6.0 moderate agreement, 6.1-8.0 substantial agreement and 8.1-1.0 almost perfect agreement. ResultsA summary of inter-observer and intra-observer agreement, using Bosniak.original and Bosniak.v2019 is provided in Table 1. In the first session, marginally higher moderate interobserver agreement was noted comparing Bosniak.v2019 (K=0.44) to Bosniak.original (K=0.39). There was no change in inter-observer agreement comparing Bosniak.v2019 classification with (K=0.42) or without the on-line calculator (K=0.44). Comparatively, interobserver agreement for Bosniak.original decreased in the second session (K=0.25). Within reader intra-observer agreement was similar for both Bosniak.orginal and Bosniak.v2019 and within reader level of agreement comparing class designation using Bosniak.original and Bosniak.v2019 was also similar for both sessions, Table 2. CUAJ -ResearchLetter Osman et al Original vs. 2019 version of Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses 3 © 2021 Canadian Urological Association DiscussionBosniak.v2019 presents a major r...

Three-dimensional measurement of the pharyngeal airway has been widely used, but the three-dimensional reconstruction of pharyngeal airway has been performed in various ways, especially during the anterior boundary demarcation of the nasopharyngeal airway and oropharyngeal airway. This would inevitably affect the measurement and lead to noncomparison between different studies. Our study provided a novel method for anterior boundary demarcation of pharyngeal airway that defined the anterior boundary of nasopharyngeal airway as the "choana" according to the anatomical definition and defined the anterior boundary of oropharyngeal airway as a plane perpendicular to the long axis of soft palate and through the intersections of the lateral space and inferior space to soft palate according to the physiologic characteristics of soft palate. By 2-step segmentation, a three-dimensional image of pharyngeal airway was eventually reconstructed.Ten computed tomographic scans of pharyngeal airway were included for the anterior boundary demarcation and three-dimensional reconstruction by a medical imaging software (Surgicase 5.0; Materialise Interactive Medical Image Control System, Leuven, Belgium), with the volume and surface area being calculated. By using intraclass correlation coefficient, the reliability between intra- and interobservers of this method was well tested.The method established in this study for anterior boundary demarcation and three-dimensional reconstruction of pharyngeal airway is highly reliable and could more veritably reflect the intrinsic anatomical characteristics of the pharyngeal airway.