Background
The sky-island Ligidium species fauna in southwest China is poorly known. Before this study, six of the seven sky-island species of the genus were known to be endemic to southwest China. In morphology, Ligidium species are often difficult to identify, and an appraisal of integrative taxonomy is needed.
Results
We integrated morphology and molecular analyses to delimit Ligidium species. Molecular species delimitation based on distance- and evolutionary models recovered seven-candidate lineages from five gene markers (COI, 12S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and NAK). We also estimated that the species divergences of sky-island Ligidium in southwest China started in late Eocene (40.97 Mya) to middle Miocene (15.19 Mya).
Four new species (L. duospinatum Li, sp. nov., L. acuminatum Li, sp. nov., L. rotundum Li, sp. nov. and L. tridentatum Li, sp. nov.) are described. Morphological confusion among L. denticulatum Shen, 1949, L. inerme Nunomura & Xie, 2000 and L. sichuanense Nunomura, 2002 is clarified by integrative taxonomy.
Conclusion
This work confirms that an integrative approach to Ligidium taxonomy is fundamental for objective classification, and deduced the uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the late Eocene and middle Miocene as one of the principal reasons for the species divergences of sky-island Ligidium in southwest China. We also inferred that sky-island mountains have a huge reserve of higher Ligidium species diversity.
Pottery is an important material in archaeological studies, and the accurate classification of pottery shapes largely depends on the experience and knowledge of archaeologists. In this thesis, pottery taken from the Gansu-Zhanqi site is used for sampling. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the pottery were obtained using 3D scanning, and a computer-assisted pottery typology was studied through quantitative analysis and elliptic Fourier descriptor. This method, which can enhance and supplement the traditional methods of classifying pottery in archaeology and thereby enrich the parameters and breadth of pottery analysis, represents a new means for exploring and experimenting with objective classification and provides a new tool for traditional archaeological analysis methods.
Pottery is an important material in archaeological studies, and the accurate classification of pottery shapes largely depends on the experience and knowledge of archaeologists. In this thesis, pottery taken from the Gansu-Zhanqi site is used for sampling. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the pottery were obtained using 3D scanning, and a computer-assisted pottery typology was studied through quantitative analysis and elliptic Fourier descriptor. This method, which can enhance and supplement the traditional methods of classifying pottery in archaeology and thereby enrich the parameters and breadth of pottery analysis, represents a new means for exploring and experimenting with objective classification and provides a new tool for traditional archaeological analysis methods.
Bagasse cellulose was grafted with diethylenetriamine to prepare a copolymer. Ammonium ceric nitrate was chosen as the initiator. Considering the optimum zeta potential, conditions including initiator concentration, the mass ratio of monomer to cellulose, preparation temperature and time are discussed. In addition, the graft copolymers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The grafting bagasse cellulose has the advantage of being biodegradable and has low cost of raw materials. Its absorbent properties are an attractive alternative for wastewater treatment and avoids environmental pollution.
Pottery is an important material in archaeological studies, and the accurate classification of pottery shapes largely depends on the experience and knowledge of archaeologists. In this thesis, pottery taken from the Gansu-Zhanqi site is used for sampling. Three-dimensional models of the pottery were obtained by three-dimensional scanning, and a computer-assisted pottery typology was studied through quantitative analysis and elliptic Fourier analysis. This method can enhance and supplement the traditional methods of classifying pottery in archaeology, thereby enriching the parameters and breadth of pottery analysis. This method represents a new means for exploring and experimenting with objective classification and provides a new tool for traditional archaeological analysis methods.traditional methods of classifying pottery in archaeology, thereby enriching the parameters and breadth of pottery analysis. This method represents a new means of exploring and experimenting with objective classification and provides a new tool for traditional archaeological analysis methods.
Pottery is an important material in archaeological studies, and the accurate classification of pottery shapes largely depends on the experience and knowledge of archaeologists. In this thesis, pottery taken from the Gansu-Zhanqi site is used for sampling. Three-dimensional (3D) models of the pottery were obtained using 3D scanning, and a computer-assisted pottery typology was studied through quantitative analysis and elliptic Fourier analysis. This method, which can enhance and supplement the traditional methods of classifying pottery in archaeology and thereby enrich the parameters and breadth of pottery analysis, represents a new means for exploring and experimenting with objective classification and provides a new tool for traditional archaeological analysis methods.
Fundamental optical properties of strained wurtzite GaN quantum-well laser are calculated and evaluated near the threshold condition. The formalism is based on a self-consistent methodology that couples an envelope-function Hamiltonian for band structures with photon-carrier rate equations. Details of energy band structure, optical gain, and modulation response are studied comprehensively under the effects of straininduced piezoelectric fields, bandgap renormalization, and the carrier capture processes. Comparisons between different approximations show that self-consistency is essential to accurately simulate pseudomorphically strained wurtzite GaN quantum-well lasers.
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