This study was conducted to evaluate sitespecific allometric equations and biomass expansion factors (BEF) of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) at five sites in the Hadong, Hamyang, Jinju, Sancheong, and Uiryeong regions, situated in the western part of Gyeongnam province, Korea. Biomass in each tree component, i.e., needle, branch, stem wood, and stem bark, was quantified by destructive tree harvesting. Site-specific as well as generalized allometric equations were developed for each tree component across the entire sites. Both allometric regression equations were significant (P \ 0.05), with diameter at breast height (DBH) accounting for 69-99% of the variation (as indicated by coefficients of determination, r 2 ) in aboveground biomass. The stem densities at different sites were significantly different (P \ 0.05) from each other, but no significant difference was observed for stem bark density. The aboveground BEFs also showed a significant variation (P \ 0.05) at a landscape scale and ranged from 1.19 to 1.46 among the sites. The results suggest that application of site-specific allometric equations and aboveground BEFs are likely to improve the reliability of biomass estimates on the local level.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, and typical pathologic findings include abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation and neurofibrillary tangles.
The environment information such as dust, temperature, humidity, illumination and gas are very important in daily life. We implemented multi-sensor system which made for measuring an environment by using Arduino, ZigBee, and Appinventor. We also designed a packet for transmitting environment data. The data are sent to the server via ZigBee and then it communicates to a smart phone via WI-Fi. In this study, we added divers sensors, designed a protocol which made for transfer several kinds of data and improve mobility for real time monitoring by using smart phones. The system was worked well and the data was transmitted correctly to the smart phone.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of fertilization on carbon and nitrogen dynamics by litter fall of a 36-year-old larch (Larix leptolepis) plantation in the Sambong Exhibition Forests, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Litter was collected monthly between April 2003 and May 2006. Seasonal inputs of litter fall components such as needle, broad leaf, branch, bark and total litter inputs followed a similar pattern between fertilized and unfertilized plots. The annual amounts of the litter components were not significantly different (P 4 0.05) between fertilized and unfertilized plots. Mean needle litter fall was similar between the fertilized (2564 kg ha 71 yr 71 ) and unfertilized plots (2501 kg ha 71 yr 71 ) and total annual litter fall averaged 3552 kg ha 71 yr 71 in the fertilized and 3541 kg ha 71 yr 71 in the unfertilized plots during the sampling period. Proportion of needle litter fall was slightly higher in the fertilized (72.2%) than in the unfertilized (70.8%) plots. Carbon concentrations of needle litter were not significantly affected by fertilization (P 4 0.05), while there was a significant fertilization effect on nitrogen concentrations with high nitrogen concentrations of needle litter in the fertilized (7.7 g kg 71 ) compared with the unfertilized (6.8 g kg 71 ) plots. There was no significant difference (P 4 0.05) in the organic carbon inputs by needle litter between the fertilized and unfertilized plots, whereas annual nitrogen inputs were significantly higher in the fertilized (17.7 kg N ha 71 yr 71 ) than in the unfertilized (15.6 kg N ha 71 yr 71 ) plots. The results indicated that nitrogen dynamics by litter fall could be affected by fertilization, but a minimal impact to carbon dynamics by litter fall in the larch plantation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.