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This paper discusses the development of a new structural composite hybrid system that is able to replace a conventional residential structural system in which space is partitioned using concrete walls. The new structural system consists of structural tees and wide flange steel beams, with the bottom flange and/or portion of the web partially encased in pre-cast concrete, which is then mechanically anchored by headed stud shear connectors both to the bottom flange and the web of the structural tees. In composite frame built apartments, materials known to be heavy carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters can then be either excluded or reduced with consequent reduction in CO2 emissions. This study has investigated 36 selected multi-residential apartment buildings of linear shape to compare the CO2 emissions of the new composite hybrid and conventional multi-residential apartments. The CO2 emissions resulting from the composite hybrid apartments were reduced to approximately 75—80% in comparison to the emissions occurring from the construction of conventional load-bearing wall apartments. This was achieved by reducing the main sources responsible for CO2 emission.

Cancer is currently a leading cause of deaths worldwide and the number of new cases is growing rapidly in both, developed and developing countries. Nutritional management during and after cancer treatment affects treatment efficacy and patient quality of life (QOL). This review systemically examined the effect of oral nutritional interventions on nutritional and clinical outcomes in cancer patients. We especially focused on outcomes such as nutritional status indices, immune-associated biochemical markers, and QOL assessments to provide insights on the applicability of different outcomes. A total of 28 papers were selected for systematic review. The nutritional composition of oral nutritional supplements (ONS), outcome measures, and efficacy of the oral nutritional interventions were summarized and discussed. Most ONS contain 1 or more functional components in addition to basic nutrients. Each study used various outcome measures and significant efficacy was observed for a limited number of measures. Nutritional status indices, QOL measures, and the duration of hospital stay improved in about 40% of the studies. One or more markers of immune function and inflammatory responses were improved by ONS in 65% of the selected studies. These results suggest that appropriate use of ONS may be an ideal way to improve treatment efficacy; however, additional intervention trials are required to confirm these findings.

A conserved growth model with a restricted solid-on-solid ͑RSOS͒ condition is described. A randomly dropped particle is allowed to hop to the nearest site satisfying the RSOS condition. The values of the dynamic exponents in the conserved growth model are consistent with those of the nonlinear equation ‫ץ‬h/‫ץ‬tϭϪٌ 4 hϩٌ 2 (ٌh) 2 ϩ, where is a random noise. The surface current measurement shows the absence of the Edwards-Wilkinson-type diffusion term. The surfaces in the steady-state regime have a grooved phase characterized by the roughness exponent ␣ϭ1. The physical origin of the conserved nonlinear term is also discussed.

The authors present an experimental and analytical investigation of the modularized hybrid system (MHS) that utilizes the composite structure described in previous studies, that of a wide steel flange and precast concrete. The objective of this paper was to introduce the application of the MHS structural system to a high‐rise building in which one additional floor was added while the overall building height was maintained. The 68‐m‐tall, 18‐storey steel building was redesigned to a 19‐storey building using the composite beams, which combine the merits of ductile steel and concrete components to withstand external loading while reducing floor height. The bottom flange of the steel beam is reinforced with concrete at a manufacturing plant, eliminating the use of temporary pour forms. The erection process of the composite beams is identical to that of traditional steel construction. This paper also describes more than 30 potential applications of high‐rise composite construction using the MHS frames. The advantages of the MHS are presented in terms of reduced structural steel tonnage and shortened construction schedules. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Multi-residential bearing wall apartments have been constructed to meet the needs of the population growth in metropolitan Korea since 1980. It is extremely diffi cult to remodel wall-type multi-residential apartments due to the nature of the bearing walls. Residents also experience noise and vibrations generated between fl oors. It is necessary to introduce a frame structure that enables easy remodelling for the realization of long life of apartment. This paper introduces an effi cient, multi-residential modularized hybrid system (MHS). The material quantities, material cost and amount of CO 2 emission for the MHS are compared to that of bearing wall structures (linear rectangular shape and tower shape) and fl at slab structures. A multi-residential apartment with an MHS composite girder ensures architectural plan fl exibility and easy remodelling, while the fl oor heights are maintained at the same fl oor height as in bearing wall structures. The material cost of MHS multi-residential housing can be reduced by reducing the amount of concrete and reinforcement steels required for the slabs and walls. The MHS also reduces CO 2 emission in accordance with the reduction of construction materials. Dry-type construction can be environment friendly by reducing human resources, temporary materials and waste. Carpinteri et al. (2004) analysed the fl exural behaviour of a composite beam, i.e. a reinforced concrete beam, equipped with multiple reinforcements. The beam was cyclically loaded based on a fracture mechanics-based theoretical model. The model considers a cracked beam subject to an external bending moment, as well as the crack bridging reactions due to the reinforcements. Fabbrocino et al. (2001) examined the infl uence of steel reinforcement on the rotational capacity of composite beams under negative bending. This study was performed using a refi ned theoretical model that was validated with experimental testing. Han et al. (2006) provided test data pertaining to the seismic behaviour of concrete-fi lled double skin steel tubular beam-columns.The infl uence of transverse dilation, winding angle, tube thickness and column section shape on the stress-strain relationship of confi ned columns was identifi ed and discussed in Hong and Kim (2004a) and Hong et al. (2004). Hong et al. (2005) enumerated its many advantages over temporary propping systems, as well as alternative top-down construction techniques.In Hong and Kim (2004b), an extensive sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the infl uence of various important structural parameters on the behaviour of structures isolated with a resilientfriction base isolation system. In Hong et al. (in press, a and c), the composite beams of the modularized hybrid system (MHS) were tested to investigate how the size of the wide steel fl ange, and the top and bottom reinforcements infl uence the behaviour of the beams.An analytical investigation of the fl exural moment strength of the composite beams at both the yield limit state and the maximum load limit state was p...

An experimental investigation of composite beams composed of wide flange steel and precast concrete is presented. The bottom flange of the steel section is encased in precast concrete. Utilizing the merits of both steel and concrete material, the size of the steel beams can be reduced without sacrificing performance. The bottom flange of the steel beam is reinforced with concrete at a manufacturing plant, eliminating the use of temporary pour forms. The composite beams were tested to investigate how the size of the wide flange steel and how the top and bottom reinforcements influence the behaviour of the beams. Flexural load carrying capacity, load displacement relationships and failure modes were examined. The test specimens were T‐shaped composite beams with slabs, each measuring 10‐m long. The flexural moment strength of all of the composite beams—at both the yield limit state and the maximum load limit state—was measured and compared with the analytical flexural capacity. The stiffness degradation, ductility and dissipating energy capabilities of the composite beams were investigated based on the hysteresis curves. The composite beams tested in this study successfully reduced both the floor height of the building and the size of the steel beams needed to meet code requirements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes have attributed to global premature deaths. The world health organization reported 18.1 million cancer cases in 2018 suggesting 1 in 8 men and 1 in 10 women are likely to develop cancer during their lifetimes (Bray et al., 2018). Most common cancers in men include lung, prostate, colorectum, stomach and liver cancers, while those of in women are breast, colorectum, lung, cervix uteri and thyroid cancers.Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial condition influencing 50 to 80% of cancer patients and it is responsible for 20% of cancer deaths (Warren, 1932;Fearon et al., 2011). Cachexia reveals impairments in energy and protein balance leading weight loss through