Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse and complicated aetiology, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). CLE is a common manifestation of SLE, resulting in disfiguring scars, permanent hair loss and significant loss of quality of life for patients. 1 According to Gilliam and Sontheimer, CLE can be subdivided into three categories: acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE), subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE). 2 ACLE is often associated with systemic symptoms. 3 Half of SCLE patients meet criteria for SLE, though both of ACLE and SCLE often have mild SLE symptoms. 2 CCLE includes five different forms: discoid LE (DLE), verrucous/hypertrophic LE, LE profundus/panniculitis (LEP), LE tumidus (LET) and chilblain LE (CHLE). 3 DLE is the most
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