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The progress in NCA polymerisation combined with advanced orthogonal functionalization techniques as well as the integration with other controlled polymerisation techniques significantly widened the scope of polypeptide building blocks in a variety of material designs. Well-defined synthetic stimuli-responsive polypeptides ("smart" polypeptides) with incorporated different functionalities have been extensively explored over the past decades. Their significant potential lies in the fact that they combine natural and synthetic elements both contributing to their properties. These novel materials have potential applications in biomedicine and biotechnology including tissue engineering, drug delivery and biodiagnostics. Responsive polypeptides are capable of undergoing conformational changes and phase transition accompanied by variations in the chemical and physical changes of the polypeptides in response to an external stimulus such as biologically relevant species (i.e. biomolecules), the environment (i.e. temperature, pH), irradiation with light or exposure to a magnetic field. In this review, the recent developments including synthetic strategies and applications of synthetic stimuli-responsive homo- and block polypeptides are reviewed.

Polypeptide block copolymers with different block length ratios were obtained by sequential ring-opening polymerization of benzyl-L-glutamate and propargylglycine (PG) N-carboxyanhydrides. Glycosylation of the poly(PG) block was obtained by Huisgens cycloaddition "click" reaction using azide-functionalized galactose. All copolymers were self-assembled using the nanoprecipitation method to obtain spherical and wormlike micelles as well as polymersomes depending on the block length ratio and the nanoprecipitation conditions. These structures display bioactive galactose units in the polymersome shell, as proven by selective lectin binding experiments.