A unified method based on the inclusion formulation is proposed to determine the magnetic, electric, and elastic fields in a composite with piezoelectric and piezomagnetic phases. The composite reinforcements are treated as ellipsoidal inclusions that enable the reinforcement geometries ranging from thin flakes to continuous fibers. Utilizing the proposed method, the magneto-electro-elastic tensors analogous to Eshelby tensors for elastic ellipsoidal inclusions are obtained. With these tensors, the magnetic, electric, and elastic fields around the inclusion as well as concentration factors are determined. Furthermore, based upon the Mori–Tanaka mean-field theory [Acta Metall. 21, 571 (1973)] to account for the interaction between inclusions and matrix, the effective magneto-electro-elastic constants (elastic moduli, piezoelectric coefficients, dielectric constants, piezomagnetic coefficients, magnetoelectric, and magnetic permeability) of the composites are expressed explicitly in terms of phase properties, volume fraction, and inhomogeneity shape. The numerical examinations have been conducted for the three-dimensional BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 composite, and the overall composite behavior has been examined numerically. It is found that the composite reveals interesting magnetoelectric coupling which is absent in each constituent.

The vehicle collision warning system (CWS) is an important research and application subject for vehicle safety. Most of this topic's research focuses on autonomous CWSs, where each vehicle detects potential collisions based entirely on the information measured by itself. Recently, an alternative scenario has arisen. This scenario is known as cooperative driving, where either the vehicle or the infrastructure can communicate its location, intention, or other information to surrounding vehicles or nearby infrastructure. Since installing a low-cost global-positioningsystem (GPS) unit is becoming a common practice in vehicle applications, its implications in cooperative driving and vehicle safety deserve closer investigation. Furthermore, the future trajectory prediction may lead to a straightforward approach to detect potential collisions, yet its effectiveness has not been studied. This paper explores the engineering feasibility of a future-trajectoryprediction-based cooperative CWS when vehicles are equipped with a relatively simple differential GPS unit and relatively basic motion sensors. The goals of this paper are twofold: providing an engineering argument of possible functional architectures of such systems and presenting a plausible example of the proposed future-trajectory-based design, which estimates and communicates vehicle positions and predicts and processes future trajectories for collision decision making. In this paper, common GPS problems such as blockage and multipath, as well as common communication problems such as dropout and delays, are assumed. However, specific choices of GPS devices and communication protocol or systems are not the focus of this paper.

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