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Accurate and rapid identification of infectious bacteria is important in medicine. Raman microspectroscopy holds great promise in performing label-free identification at the single-cell level. However, due to the naturally weak Raman signal, it is a challenge to build extensive databases and achieve both accurate and fast identification. Here, we used signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a standard indicator for Raman data quality and performed bacterial identification using 11, 141 single-cell Raman spectra from nine bacterial strains. Subsequently, using two machine learning methods, a simple filter, and a neural networkbased denoising autoencoder (DAE), we demonstrated 92% (simple filter using 1 s/cell spectra) and 84% (DAE using 0.1 s/ cell spectra) identification accuracy. Our machine learning-aided Raman analysis paves the way for high-speed Raman microspectroscopic clinical diagnostics.

The sonographic appearance of MALT lymphoma in the submandibular glands was characterized by the tortoiseshell pattern in both primary and secondary lesions. Detection of this pattern in both sides of the submandibular glands can be an indicator of chromosomal aberrations and systematic involvement of the disease.

CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) have an important function in granulocytic differentiation, and are also involved in the leukemogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Their involvement in myelomonocytic leukemia, however, is still unclear. Therefore, the expression and function of C/EBPs in myelomonocytic cells with MLL-fusion genes were investigated. Retinoic acid (RA) induced monocytic differentiation in the myelomonocytic cell lines with MLL-fusion genes, THP-1, MOLM-14 and HF-6 cells, accompanied by monocytic differentiation with the upregulation of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPepsilon. Monocytic differentiation by RA treatment was confirmed in primary AML cells using a clonogenic assay. When the activity of C/EBPalpha or C/EBPepsilon was introduced into HF-6 cells, their cellular growth was arrested through differentiation into monocytes with the concomitant marked downregulation of Myc. Cebpe mRNA was upregulated by the induction of C/EBPalpha-ER, but not vice versa, thus suggesting that C/EBPepsilon may have an important function in the differentiation process. Introduction of Myc isoforms into HF-6 cells partially antagonized the C/EBPs effects. These findings suggest that the ectopic expression of C/EBPepsilon, as well as C/EBPalpha, can induce the monocytic differentiation of myelomonocytic leukemic cells with MLL-fusion gene through the downregulation of Myc, thus providing insight into the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

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