Summary. The instability of ethnicity measured in the national census is found to have doubled from the period 1991-2001 to the period 2001-2011, using the Longitudinal Study that links a sample of individuals' census records across time. From internal evidence and comparison with results from the Census Quality Survey and the Labour Force Survey, estimates are made of instability due to changing question wording, imputation of missing answers, proxy reporting, recording errors and changes in the allocation of write-in answers. Of the remaining instability, durable changes of ethnicity by individuals are thought to be considerably less common than changes due to a person's sense of identity not closely fitting the categories offered in the census question. The instability creates a net change in size of some ethnic groups that is usually small compared with the change in population between censuses from births, deaths and migration. Consequences for analysis of census aggregate and microdata are explored.Keywords: Census; England and Wales; Ethnicity; Identity; Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study; Reliability Aims and structureAlthough it is widely accepted that the definition and measurement of 'ethnicity' is shaped culturally, its use in official statistics in several developed countries encourages a practical use of the statistical products about ethnicity as objective measures of social groups with clear boundaries. In this paper we examine the reliability of measuring ethnicity in a national census, using the Longitudinal Study (LS) of England and Wales which, for a 1% sample of the population, links individuals' answers to successive decennial censuses. We look for change over time in recorded ethnic group, and therefore we focus on its reliability rather than validity.We believe that our analyses will be of interest in many contexts beyond the census, and in many countries beyond England and Wales, because they probe the meaning and measurement of ethnicity. However, our prime motivations are to support analysts of ethnic group data by answering five questions, which occupy Sections 4-8. How much turnover of each ethnic group's population occurs between two censuses? For those who are enumerated in both censuses, to
Remifentanil infusions and meperidine boluses are equally well tolerated in older patients undergoing ambulatory colonoscopy when administered by an anesthesia provider.
The history of the patient who was the subject of this operation, we shall give very briefly, as follows.J. T. 528 years of age. Three years ago last spring, while playing very roughly with one of his companions, he received a violent blow on the nose, which dislocated the cartilage, driving it at the same limo over to the left side. Some inflammation came on in the nose at the time of the accident, which very shortly subsided ; and as lie was out of town, and at a distance from medical advice, nothing was done lo replace the cartilage, which remained in the situation into which it had been driven by the blow.In the following spring, while pursuing his ordinary occupations, a small red spot appeared on the right cheek just below the eye ; this very soon increased in size, the inflammation gradually spread, first attacking the lip, and from thence extending to the nose, which became red, swollen, and finally ulcerated.It will be unnecessary to go further into the details of the case ; suffice it to say, that in the course of eighteen months the whole nose, cartilages, septum, bones, &c. were successively attacked, and finally completely destroyed. The ulcération had also extended to the cheek of the opposite side. Subsequently to this, cicatrization gradually took place, leaving the patient in the state in which I saw him, six months after his recovery from the disease.At this period, having accidentally come across a description of the Taliacotian operation in an old magazine, he applied lo know whether anything of a similar kind could be done to remedy his frightful deformity, The following was his state as he appeared on the first examination. The nose, as described above, had entirely disappeared, leaving in 'be place it originally occupied an opening about an inch in diameter, bordered by a firm cicatrice ; the septum of the nostrils was destroyed, and the two nasal cavities thus thrown into one ; externally a small eica-,r'X descended from the lower and left edge of this opening to the angle of the mouth. In the course of the disease the four front teeth had been lost, and this, together with the absorption of the alveolar processes, had caused a sinking of the upper lip, which had fallen an inch below the [eve| Qr t|le |ower one^n opening also existed between tbe hp and upper jaw, through which a probe might bo passed from the
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