IMPORTANCEThere have been a number of serious worldwide pandemics due to widespread infections by coronavirus. This virus (in its many forms) is difficult to treat, in part because it is very good at finding "holes" in the way that the host (the infected individual) tries to control and eliminate the virus. In this study, we demonstrate that an important host viral defense-the ISG15 pathway-is only partially effective in controlling severe coronavirus infection. Activation of the pathway is very good at suppressing viral production, but over time the virus overwhelms the host response and the effects of the ISG15 pathway. These data provide insight into host-virus interactions during coronavirus infection and suggest that the ISG15 pathway is a reasonable target for controlling severe coronavirus infection although the best treatment will likely involve multiple pathways and targets.
This article offers an original contribution to the literature on coal communities and the history of the coal industry in Britain by examining changes and contested interests within Britain's coal territories since nationalisation in 1947. The analysis is organized around three distinct but overlapping meanings of coal community: economic locality; ideological communality; and occupational
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