The rate of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA; when an incapacitating drug is administered surreptitiously to facilitate sexual assault) is perceived to be increasing in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, causing international concern. This article examines evidence that quantifies the contribution of drugs in instances of alleged DFSA, identifies the substances involved, and discusses the implications of these findings. Of 389 studies examined, 11 were included in this review. The only study to consider covert drugging reported that 2% of alleged DFSA cases were attributable to surreptitious drug administration. Other studies failed to remove voluntary drug consumption from their cohort, biasing results. A study by the United Kingdom's National Forensic Services found no evidence to suggest that flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) had been used for DFSA during its 3-year investigation. In the United States, flunitrazepam is used recreationally, providing a likely explanation for its presence in samples of some alleged DFSA victims.
This article aims to increase understanding of nightlife health and the potential for nurses to reduce some of the negative health consequences associated with nightlife activity.
He has worked within the field of substance use for 30 years initially as a Nurse at The Maryland Centre working with people who inject drugs, before moving into academia and building an international reputation within the field of human enhancement drugs, in particular, the use of anabolic steroids and associated drugs. In 2019 he co-edited the Routledge book Human Enhancement Drugs and in 2020, he founded the Anabolic Steroid United Kingdom Network and leads the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) funded research 'Image and Performance Enhancing Drug Use in the United Kingdom'.
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