a b s t r a c tResearch involving management of carbon dioxide has increased markedly over the last decade as it relates to concerns over climate change. Capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in geological formations is one of many proposed methods to manage, and likely reduce, CO 2 emissions from burning fossil fuels in the electricity sector. Saline formations represent a vast storage resource, and the waters they contain could be managed for beneficial use. To address this issue, a methodology was developed to test the feasibility of linking coal-fired power plants, deep saline formations for CO 2 storage, and extracting and treating saline waters for use as power plant cooling water.An illustrative hypothetical case study examines a representative power plant and saline formation in the south-western United States. A regional assessment methodology includes analysis of injectioninduced changes in subsurface groundwater chemistry and fate and transport of supercritical CO 2 . Initial water-CO 2 -formation reactions include dissolution of carbonate minerals as expected, and suggest that very little CO 2 will be stored in mineral form within the first few centuries. Reservoir simulations provide direct input into a systems-level economic model, and demonstrate how water extraction can help manage injection-induced overpressure. Options for treatment of extracted water vary depending upon site specific chemistry. A high efficiency reverse osmosis system (HERO TM ) shows promise for economical desalination at the volumes of recovered water under consideration. Results indicate a coupled use CO 2 storage and water extraction and treatment system may be feasible for tens to hundreds of years.
The advanced in situ detection of gaseous pollutants, such as NOx or SOx, is of great interest in many applications, such as the automotive and coal industries. We will discuss the continued advancement of our low power sensors for these pollutants, leveraging the previous successful development of impedance spectroscopy-based sensors for the detection of gaseous I2.1-3 The sensors, composed of Pt interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) with a nanoporous adsorbent layer, can be tuned to selectively adsorb gases of interest through judicious material selection, and the electrical response directly correlated to gas concentration. The current work is focused on exploring these nanoporous phases (metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, etc.) for the real-time detection of NOx. The sensors have been successfully demonstrated for detection of trace NO2 (0.5 – 5 ppm),4 and experimental results, collected at relatively low temperature (25-50°C), will be discussed. Other recent work exploring the direct growth of crystalline MOF membranes, through the chemical functionalization of the surface of interdigitated electrodes will also be discussed.5 Direct growth of thin MOF films on surface functionalized IDEs has been shown to result in increased sensor sensitivity and a faster response time. Lastly, we will present initial results for the use of the sensors in the selective detection of NO2 in complex environments (e.g. presence of H2O, CO2, etc.).6 Acknowledgements Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. References Small, L.J and Nenoff, T.M., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9 (51), 44649. Small, L.J.; Krumhansl, J.L.; Rademacher, D.X.; Nenoff, T.M. Meso. Mater., 2019, 280, 82. Small, L.J.; Hill, R. C.; Krumhansl, J. L.; Schindelholz, M. E.; Chen, Z.; Chapman, K.W.; Zhang, X.; Yang, S.; Schroder, M.; Nenoff, T.M., ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2019, 11 (31), 27982. Small, L.J.; Henkelis, S.E; Rademacher, D.X.; Schindelholz, M. E.; Krumhansl, J. L.; Vogel, D.J.; Nenoff, T.M, Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30 (50), 2006598. Henkelis, S.E; Percival, S.J.; Small, L.J; Rademacher, D.X.; Nenoff, T.M, Membranes, 2021, 11 (3), 176. Percival, S.J.; Henkelis, S.E; Li, M.; Schindelholz, M.E.; Krumhansl, J. L.; Small, L.J.; Lobo, R.F.; Nenoff, T.M., I Eng. Chem. Res., 2021, 60 (40), 14371.
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