This article analyses, from a policymaking perspective, the continued recourse to South Africa's thriving traditional healthcare sector, which operates in tandem with the country's relatively well-developed biomedical healthcare sector. It considers the traditional healthcare sector's potential to impact on orthodox approaches to the treatment and management of HIV/AIDS, including the uptake of antiretroviral therapy. It highlights the urgent necessity of more thorough engagement between the traditional and biomedical sectors, particularly where supernatural elements -an integral part of much traditional diagnosis and treatment -are concerned. The challenge for policymakers is how best to facilitate an effective means of meaningfully accommodating potentially conflicting traditional cosmologies within the formal healthcare infrastructure. However, although the achievement of this would represent a vital step towards a more effective overall approach to South Africa's HIV/AIDS pandemic, this article queries whether it is indeed feasible.
In proteomics, complex mixtures of proteins are separated (usually by chromatography or electrophoresis) and identified by mass spectrometry. We have created 2DE Tandem MS, a computer program designed for use in the biochemistry, proteomics, or bioinformatics classroom. It contains two simulations-2D electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. The two simulations are integrated together and are designed to teach the concept of proteome analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. 2DE-Tandem MS can be used as a freestanding simulation, or in conjunction with a wet lab, to introduce proteomics in the undergraduate classroom. 2DE Tandem MS is a free program available on Sourceforge at https://sourceforge.net/projects/jbf/. It was developed using Java Swing and functions in Mac OSX, Windows, and Linux, ensuring that every student sees a consistent and informative graphical user interface no matter the computer platform they choose. Java must be installed on the host computer to run 2DE Tandem MS. Example classroom exercises are provided in the Supporting Information.
Where HIV/AIDS is concerned, the twin goals of 'zero new infections' and an 'AIDS-free generation' are now, due to advances in treatment (and treatment as prevention), a realistic possibility. However, these goals can only be achieved through the scaling-up of treatment to the point of universal access. It is inevitable that the success of any scaling-up will be predicated on cost, particularly of HIV/AIDS medicines. This article argues that recent changes in the global intellectual property landscape-effected by way of bilaterally-and plurilaterally-negotiated trade agreements initiated by developed countriesjeopardise the target of universal access. Enhanced protection of international intellectual property rights increasingly poses a threat to the development of, and international trade in, generic medicines. Unless developing countries move to reinvigorate moribund multilateral institutions, particularly the WTO, they will lose control of the intellectual property agenda, and thus the ability to impose an alternative vision regarding universal access.The asymmetries in power that have facilitated a shift towards an increasingly Trade-related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS)-plus international intellectual property (IP) regime need to be curtailed, and this can only be accomplished through multilateral forums. It is for this reason that developing countries, and countries most heavily afflicted by the HIV/AIDS pandemic in particular, need to fight hard to reinvigorate multilateral institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO)-long viewed by those in development circles as part of the neoliberal global framework-in order to offset the power of developed countries. The collapse of the WTO Doha Round negotiations has allowed developed countries to engage in forum-shifting, and the resultant creation of overlapping systems of governance runs counter to the negotiated universalism
In this manuscript, the authors examine the Cold War roots of the movement to study groups that engage in undue influence. In particular, the authors consider the transitions of some scholars directly from Cold War brainwashing research to the study of these groups and also the activities of researchers who did not directly address groups but established enduring foundations in this field. The authors also consider expert testimony in both the Hearst trial and a government program, the Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape training program, which brought together disparate scholars to address these ideas. The authors then examine the influence of developments in social psychology on approaches to Cold War brainwashing and its connection to the later literature about groups that may use undue influence. The paper concludes with a review of strengths and limitations from this literature that remain in the study of these groups.
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