The conservation of biodiversity requires various forms of evidence to ensure effective outcomes. In this study, we provide an updated assessment of the state of evidence-based decision-making in Canada’s protected areas organizations by examining practitioner perceptions of: ( i) the value and use of various forms of evidence, ( ii) the availability of evidence to support decisions, and ( iii) the extent to which various institutional and behavioural barriers influence the use of evidence. Our results compare national surveys conducted in 2019 and 2013, revealing a significant and concerning decline in the use of all forms of evidence. We found significant declines in the use of peer-reviewed literature, local knowledge, and Indigenous knowledge. Our results correspondingly demonstrate a host of systemic barriers to the effective use of evidence, including a lack of trust, how to deal with uncertainty, and limited training. These challenges persist at a time when the quantity of information is greater than ever, and recognition of the value of Indigenous knowledge is relatively high (and increasing). Leadership is required to cultivate more relevant evidence, to embed scientists and Indigenous Knowledge-Holders in conservation organizations, to (re)establishing knowledge sharing forums, and to establish accountability and reporting measures to support efforts aimed at effectively achieving Canada’s biodiversity conservation goals.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to understand the process of value co-creation by examining festival attendees’ perspectives of their festival experiences. Service-dominant logic (SDL) is used as a framework to understand the how value is co-created in the festival setting.
Design/methodology/approach
Using a SDL approach and personal meaning mapping methods, this research offers insight into how value is co-created by the attendee, festival, and influential others.
Findings
This research found that personal, social, cultural, physical, place, and arts presentation domains come together to add value to the festival experience.
Research limitations/implications
This research adds insight into the value co-creation process if festival settings. SDL is examined in relation to findings and re-conceptualized based on findings. This research was not intended to generalize all performing arts festivals but instead provided a detailed descriptive account of the experiences offered by performing arts festivals examined.
Practical implications
These findings contribute to the understanding of how co-created experiences can be developed, marketed and managed and provide insight into areas of future research to better understand the co-creation process in event contexts.
Originality/value
By providing a framework for understanding the festival experience, employing SDL, and using of experiential assessment methods across festivals, this research fulfils an identified need for an in-depth understanding of the co-created meanings of festival experiences.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of information and communication technologies (ICTs) used by event organizers and attendees. The ways that ICTs are integrated into event administration, design, operations, marketing, and risk management, both back-stage and in plain sight, are considered from an applied perspective and through the lenses of theories applied in the literature. Currently, events and festivals use diverse ICTs to enhance utilitarian aspects, such as ticket purchasing, safety procedures, wayfinding and scheduling, as well as hedonic visitor experiences, like virtual and enhanced reality, gamification, and innovative programming using social media. How ICTs influence attendees' experiences is discussed in-depth by exploring the contribution of ICTs to "communitas," "liminality," sense of place, mindfulness, memorableness, and co-creation. Throughout the chapter, both emerging and established ICTs are described, and real-world examples from festivals are provided to gain insights into the opportunities and drawbacks of ICTs in the event and festival domain. The chapter focuses on ICTs used during the festival experience. However, the importance of the pre-and post-event and festival experience is acknowledged as well.
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