This paper proposes more accurate methods for estimating the quality of service (QOS) in the pedestrian movement space by developing composite indicators that integrate both quantitative and qualitative factors affecting pedestrian satisfaction, rather than simply relying on quantitative measures like pedestrian flow rate and pedestrian delay, which has been a major approach to the level of service (LOS) evaluations. To achieve this aim, we firstly conduct questionnaire surveys and record image in order to investigate perceived level of service (PLOS), considering the land use pattern of the survey areas. Then, we set up a new list of evaluation criteria based on survey results obtained in the previous step and to provide an evaluation framework by analyzing the degrees of importance and repetition existing on the criteria.Next, we consider pedestrians' complex judgment processes through multi-criteria decision analysis such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP). Finally, we select a case study area and apply the evaluation criteria in order to assess the developed evaluation framework, testing its applicability. The main results show that: first, ANP is better analytic methods than AHP due to the fact that pedestrians feel repetition when they judge level of service. Second, qualitative factors such as pedestrian behaviors, maintenance, scenery for pedestrians and environments should be considered. Importance of qualitative factors is higher in residential area than other areas. We expect that using qualitative indicators is appropriate in order to estimate pedestrians' QOS.
The cardioprotective effects of KR-31762, a newly synthesized K+(ATP) opener, were evaluated in rat models of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) heart injury. In isolated rat hearts subjected to 30-min global ischemia followed by 30-min reperfusion, KR-31762 (3 and 10 microM) significantly increased the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and double product (heart rate x LVDP) after 30-min reperfusion in a concentration-dependent manner, while decreasing the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). KR-31762 also significantly increased the time to contracture (TTC) during ischemic period (20.0, 22.4 and 26.4 min for control, 3 and 10 microM, respectively), while decreasing the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the heart during 30 min reperfusion (30.4, 14.3 and 19.7 U/g heart weight, respectively). All these parameters except LDH release were reversed by glyburide (1 microM), a nonselective blocker of K+(ATP) channel, but not by 5-hydroxydecanoate, a selective blocker of mitoK+(ATP) channel. In anesthetized rats subjected to 45-min occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 90-min reperfusion, KR-31762 significantly decreased the infarct size (60.8, 40.5 and 37.8% for control, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg, iv, respectively). KR-31762 slightly relaxed the isolated rat aorta precontracted with methoxamine (IC(50): 23.5 microM). These results suggest that KR-31762 exerts potent cardioprotective effects through the opening of sarcolemmal K(ATP) channel in rat hearts with the minimal vasorelaxant effects.
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