<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Typical types of natural disasters that occur in Korea are damages from heavy rain, storm, and heavy snow. In order to prepare for this, the storm and flood damage insurance program is operated. For this purpose, the risk of these damages is calculated for each region, and the storm and flood damage insurance map is created based on the risk. This map can provide insight into the degree of risk to wind and flood, snow damage, as well as policies to prevent and prepare for each type of natural disaster. In order to support decision-making by utilizing this insurance map, it is necessary to use with Storm and Flood Damage Information contents. In order to efficiently construct such disaster information contents, it is possible to utilize public data produced by various organizations. Korea has a public data portal to open various administrative information. The public data portal currently publishes and updates about 25,000 data from 700 organizations. In this study, the linkage system is designed that can construct disaster information contents by collecting public data and processing it so that it can be overlapped with the insurance map. The system automatically links public data to keep up-to-date disaster information content. It is expected that it will be able to prevent and prepare for natural disaster by supporting the decision making of decision makers related to flood damage.</p>

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The bright, saturated iridescent colours of feathers are commonly produced by single and multi-layers of nanostructured melanin granules (melanosomes), air and keratin matrices, surrounded by an outer keratin cortex of varying thicknesses. The role of the keratin cortex in colour production remains unclear, despite its potential to act as a thin film or absorbing layer. We use electron microscopy, optical simulations and oxygen plasma-mediated experimental cortex removal to show that differences in keratin cortex thickness play a significant role in producing colours. The results indicate that keratin cortex thickness determines the position of the major reflectance peak (hue) from nanostructured melanosomes of common pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus ) feathers. Specifically, the common pheasant has appropriate keratin cortex thickness to produce blue and green structural colours. This finding identifies a general principle of structural colour production and sheds light on the processes that shaped the evolution of brilliant iridescent colours in the common pheasant.

The biocompatible polyurethane acrylate (PUA) nanopillars were fabricated by soft lithography using three different sizes of nanobeads (350, 500, and 1000 nm), and the human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were cultured on the nanopillars. The hASCs and their various behaviors, such as cytoplasmic projections, migration, and morphology, were observed by high resolution images using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). With the accurate analysis by SEM for the controlled sizes of nanopillars, the deflections are observed at pillars fabricated with 350- and 500-nm nanobeads. These high-resolution images could offer crucial information to elucidate the complicated correlations between nanopillars and the cells, such as morphology and cytoplasmic projections.

Although recent advances of four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has introduced a new way to measure Reynolds stress tensor (RST) in turbulent flows, its measurement accuracy and possible bias have remained to be revealed. The purpose of this study was to compare the turbulent flow measurement of 4D flow MRI and particle image velocimetry (PIV) in terms of velocity and turbulence quantification. Two difference flow rates of 10 and 20 L/min through a 50% stenosis were measured with both PIV and 4D flow MRI. Not only velocity through the stenosis but also the turbulence parameters such as turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence production were quantitatively compared. Results shows that 4D flow MRI velocity measurement well agreed with the that of PIV, showing the linear regression slopes of two methods are 0.94 and 0.89, respectively. Although turbulence mapping of 4D flow MRI was qualitatively agreed with that of PIV, the quantitative comparison shows that the 4D flow MRI overestimates RST showing the linear regression slopes of 1.44 and 1.66, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that the 4D flow MRI visualize and quantify not only flow velocity and also turbulence tensor. However, further optimization of 4D flow MRI for better accuracy might be remained.

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Unlike pigmentary colors, structural colors do not require wavelength-selective absorption of light. Instead, they result from light scattering by nanostructures with a spatial correlation on the length scale of visible wavelengths. Hence, the morphologies of nanostructures critically influence structural colors. Color-producing biophotonic nanostructures have diverse morphologies and are classified into three categories: i) ordered, [3] ii) quasi-ordered, [4] and iii) disordered. [5] Ordered nanostructures produce iridescent colors, while quasi-ordered and disordered nanostructures produce noniridescent colors. [1b,4a,6] Quasi-ordered and disordered nanostructures are particularly interesting, as they preserve viewing-angleindependent optical responses.Biophotonic nanostructures, which produce noniridescent structural colors, are intrinsically disordered. [7] Disordered nanostructures inherently display a white color. However, in some cases, nanostructures display bright, saturated colors. In this instance, they are neither highly ordered nor disordered nanostructures; thus, they are called quasi-ordered nanostructures. Some bird feathers produce colors in this manner: in blue and some green feather barbs, quasi-ordered nanostructures of β-keratin and air in the medullary spongy layer produce brilliant noniridescent colors via coherent light scattering. Research published several decades ago suggested that noniridescent blue colors originate from nanostructured materials via incoherent scattering. [8] As early as 1934, however, Raman's experimental results cast doubt on this hypothesis. [9] Decades later, Dyck supplemented Raman's argument and falsified the incoherent scattering hypothesis, [10] proposing a new hypothesis of coherent scattering. Prum supported this coherent scattering hypothesis by performing a Fourier analysis of 2D transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images [11] and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns. [12] Their results convincingly explain that noniridescent colors in bird feathers result from the coherent scattering of light by quasi-ordered nanostructures.Well-designed disordered nanostructures in nature show extraordinary, brilliant whiteness. Optimally disordered nanostructures in white beetles (Cyphochilus and Lepidiota stigma) display brilliant whiteness (greater than 70% for visible wavelengths). [5,13] The intrascale nanostructures are composed of randomly interconnected chitin networks. Chitin networks possess optimal local order or disorder and structural anisotropy,The production of structural color in nature is still incompletely understood. Multiple scattering exerts critical effects on synthetic disordered systems, but its effects on structural colors in natural materials are not yet well known. Here, electron microscopy, optical modeling, and biomimicry are used to show that variation in the thickness of the feather nanostructures creates periodic color variations in Eurasian jay wing covert feathers, with nanostructures within white feather regions being two t...

In article number 2202210, Deok‐Jin Jeon, Jong‐Souk Yeo, and co‐workers elucidate how thickness changes in feather nanostructures create periodic color variations in Eurasian jay wing covert feathers. Multiple scattering in the biological system expands the natural color palette by extending reflection to longer wavelengths in thicker spongy layers. White feather regions have two times thicker nanostructure compared to the blue ones. Inspired by the Eurasian jay design solution, biomimicry of periodic color variation is demonstrated in a synthetic context.