This paper predicts the effects that high levels of photovoltaic penetration will have on the voltage magnitude and power flow on five actual North American feeders. The studies are based on EPRI test feeders, and simulations are conducted using EPRI's OpenDSS computer simulation program. Results for the five feeders studied, using PV penetration levels of 50% of total load, show that the voltage flicker due to shadow movement will be approximately in the range of 0.5% to 2%.Index Terms--distributed power generation, photovoltaic, voltage fluctiations.
Approximately, yearly concrete production is about 10 billion cubic meters. Cement is a very important constituent of concrete, and approximately 4180 million tons of cement were produced in 2014 globally. Production of one ton of cement releases approximately one ton of CO2 which makes up 7% of all CO2 emissions produced globally. Hence, there is necessity to use supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as partial replacement of cement and sand in concrete. Utilization of SCMs reduces the consumption of Ordinary Portland cement, and thereby reduces the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with cement production. In this paper the basic aim is to review the research paper on the use of waste material in concrete.
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