The calcineurin pathway has been reported to be essential for the development of azole resistance in Candida albicans. The depletion or ectopic overexpression of RTA2 increased or decreased susceptibility of C. albicans to azoles, respectively. CaCl 2 -induced activation of the calcineurin pathway in wildtype C. albicans promoted resistance to azoles, while the Ca 2+ chelator (EGTA), calcineurin inhibitors (FK506 and cyclosporin A) and the deletion of RTA2 blocked the resistance-promoting effects of CaCl 2 . Furthermore, we found that RTA2 was upregulated in a calcineurin-dependent manner. The depletion of RTA2 also made the cell membrane of C. albicans liable to be destroyed by azoles and RTA2 over-expression attenuated the destroying effects. Finally, the disruption of RTA2 caused an increased accumulation of dihydrosphingosine (DHS), one of the two sphingolipid long-chain bases, by decreasing release of DHS. In conclusion, our findings suggest that RTA2 is involved in calcineurin-mediated azole resistance and sphingoid long-chain base release in C. albicans.
Within the Canadian prairies, there has been extensive loss and degradation of wetland and riparian zones, primarily caused by the intensification and expansion of agriculture. Since most of the wetland and riparian areas found within this agricultural landscape are located on privately owned land, effective policy must be informed by an understanding of the socio‐economic characteristics of these landowners. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the compensation required for private landowners to conserve wetland and riparian zones within the Prairie Pothole Region of Saskatchewan and to evaluate the influence of farm characteristics and landowner attitudes on conservation decisions. A survey, targeted at landowners in two distinct regions, was used to evaluate the willingness to accept for conserving riparian areas based on a proposed 10‐year payment program. While the analysis confirms that the magnitude of the payment is an important factor in landowners’ conservation adoption decision, the impact of other factors including landowner experience, planning horizon, and perceptions of wetland values provides important insights into conservation program development and delivery. Dans les Prairies canadiennes, la perte et la détérioration des zones humides et des zones riveraines sont importantes et sont principalement attribuables à l’expansion et à l’intensification de l’agriculture. Comme la plupart des zones humides et riveraines de ce paysage agricole se trouvent sur des terres privées, une politique efficace doit reposer sur la compréhension des caractéristiques socio‐économiques des propriétaires fonciers concernés. Le présent article vise à estimer la valeur des compensations qu’il faudrait verser aux propriétaires fonciers privés pour qu’ils acceptent de conserver les zones humides et les zones riveraines dans la région des cuvettes des Prairies de la Saskatchewan et àévaluer l’influence des caractéristiques agricoles et de l’attitude des propriétaires fonciers sur les décisions de conservation. Nous avons utilisé une enquête menée auprès de propriétaires fonciers dans deux régions distinctes pour évaluer le consentement à accepter (CAA) de conserver les zones riveraines fondé sur la création proposée d’un programme de paiements étalé sur dix ans. Bien que l’analyse confirme que la taille des paiements représente un facteur important dans les décisions de conservation des propriétaires fonciers, d’autres facteurs, tels que l’expérience des propriétaires fonciers, l’horizon de planification et les perceptions quant à la valeur des zones humides, fournissent des renseignements importants pour l’élaboration et la prestation de programmes de conservation.
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