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Understanding the effects of diversity on ecosystem stability in the context of global change has become an important goal of recent ecological research. However, the effects of diversity at multiple scales and trophic levels on ecosystem stability across environmental gradients remain unclear. Here, we conducted a field survey of α‐, β‐, and γ‐diversity of plants and soil biota (bacteria, fungi, and nematodes) and estimated the temporal ecosystem stability of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in 132 plots on the Mongolian Plateau. After climate and soil environmental variables were controlled for, both the α‐ and β‐diversity of plants and soil biota (mainly via nematodes) together with precipitation explained most variation in ecosystem stability. These findings evidence that the diversity of both soil biota and plants contributes to ecosystem stability. Model predictions of the future effects of global changes on terrestrial ecosystem stability will require field observations of diversity of both plants and soil biota.

Desertification is a worldwide problem caused by climate change and human activity in dryland regions. In China, approximately 27% of the land surface is desertified. In these desertified ecosystems, aboveground interactions are known to greatly affect ecological succession, but belowground soil microbial communities are relatively unstudied. It is not yet clear how these communities change with different vegetation patch types (e.g., shrub vs. grass) across successional stages in dryland ecosystems. In this study, we assessed the effects of shrub patches (dominated by Artemisia ordosica) and grass patches on soil microbial community diversity, soil environment, and soil substrates across three successional stages (mobile, semi‐mobile, and fixed dunes) in a sand dune ecosystem in the Kubuqi Desert, China. Microbial alpha diversity, as indicated by the Shannon index or operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness, was not affected by patch type but increased with successional stages. Patch type‐ or successional stage‐induced changes in soil bacterial and fungal alpha diversity were mainly associated with soil organic carbon. Unlike alpha diversity, soil microbial beta diversity was greatly affected by successional stage and patch type. The Mantel test revealed that changes in soil bacterial beta diversity were mainly associated with soil organic carbon, and changes in soil fungal beta diversity were mainly associated with soil organic carbon and soil pH. Microbial OTU richness responded more strongly to the successional stage than the microbial Shannon index, indicating that microbial OTU richness can be used as an indicator of successional status in desert ecosystems. The consistent differences in microbial beta diversity between shrub and grass patches across the three successional stages indicate that shrubs significantly influence soil microbial communities in desert ecosystems.