The incidence of Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) has increased significantly in many countries worldwide (Manuwald et al., 2017). Although there was a lower incidence of T1DM in Chinese children, the incidence amongst children under 15 has been rising dramatically over the past two decades (Weng et al., 2018). It is estimated that there are over 4,000 new cases of T1DM in children annually in China (Weng et al., 2018). Without appropriate insulin treatment and optimal glycaemic control, the condition of children with T1DM can exacerbate rapidly within 24 hr, resulting in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), permanent disability or even death (Cavan, 2018). Optimal diabetes management are important for children and adolescents with T1DM.
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