Some acoustically active substances can combine with specific molecules/cells and enable imaging of complex disease processes at the molecular level. [8,9] In parallel, accumulating evidence demonstrates that US is an appealing regimen for managing various diseases including Alzheimer's diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. [10][11][12][13] According to the frequency, US is usually categorized into high intensity focused US (HIFU; >200 kHz) and low intensity focused US (LIFU; 20-200 kHz). [14] HIFU enables truly non-invasive tumor ablation in clinical applications. [15] There have been tens of thousands of cases reporting HIFU guided by US or magnetic resonance imaging to treat solid organ tumors globally. [16,17] However, recent investigations indicate that the administration of HIFU can lead to adverse events such as skin burn and nerve injury. [18] Theoretically, LIFU with lower intensity can eliminate US-induced overheating and make the treatment safer. LIFU radiation combined with sonosensitizer administration (sonodynamic therapy, SDT), was developed as a suitable therapy alternative by Yumita et al. in 1989. [19] When US activates the preloaded sonosensitizers, they can trigger sensitive reactions to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a therapeutic role in specific sites through different mechanisms. [20,21] More importantly, due to the excellent regional focusing characteristics and strong tissue penetrating ability of US, SDT has higher therapeutic efficiency and fewer side effects. [22,23] Recent intriguing investigations had been carried out using SDT to treat cancer, cardiovascular disease, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infection. [24] Notably, SDT of cancer and atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) has been applied in clinical trials, and the results showed high efficacy and favorable safety on patients. [25,26] The sonosensitization efficiency, ROS quantum yield, and accumulation of the sonosensitizers in the target cells are essential prerequisites for SDT. [27,28] Therefore, designing and developing excellent sonosensitizers is an important topic in the development of SDT. Generally, sonosensitizers mainly include organic and inorganic sonosensitizers. Many inorganic sonosensitizers have superior physiochemical properties, but the clinical translation remains unresolved because of nonbiodegradation and potential biosafety issues. However, organic sonosensitizers have the advantages of clear structure and easy metabolism, which is conducive to clinical applications. [24] Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a novel noninvasive therapeutic modality that combines low-intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers. Versus photomediated therapy, SDT has the advantages of deeper tissue penetration, high accuracy, and less side effects. Sonosensitizers are critical for therapeutic efficacy during SDT and organic sonosensitizers are important because of their clear structure, easy monitoring, evaluation of drug metabolism, and clinical transformation. Notably, nanotechnolo...
