Previous studies have shown that craniofacial bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have a strong osteogenic potential. However, the mechanism by which BMSCs of various embryonic origins develop diverse osteogenic potentials remains unclear. To investigate the mechanisms regulating osteoblast differentiation in two different types of BMSCs, we compared the temporal and spatial mRNA and protein expression patterns of Satb2 and its downstream gene Hoxa2 by using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and fluorescent immunostaining in mandible BMSCs (M-BMSCs) and tibia BMSCs (T-BMSCs) undergoing osteoblast differentiation. Higher levels of alkaline phosphatase, greater calcium accumulation and earlier expression of Runx2 were observed in osteogenic-induced M-BMSCs compared with T-BMSCs. Low levels of Satb2 were detected in both types of uninduced BMSCs but the majority of SATB2 was located in the nuclei of M-BMSCs. Notably, Satb2 was expressed earlier in M-BMSCs and Hoxa2, a downstream target of Satb2, was not expressed in uninduced M-BMSCs or during osteoblast differentiation, just as during embryonic mandible development. In contrast, Hoxa2 was reactivated in T-BMSCs during osteoblast differentiation. Based on these results, we conclude that SATB2 plays a different role during osteoblast differentiation of M-BMSCs and T-BMSCs. The earlier activation of Satb2 expression in M-BMSCs compared with T-BMSCs might explain the stronger osteogenic potential of M-BMSCs.
Some ocular diseases characterized by apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are chronic neurodegenerative disorders and have similarities in neuropathology. Humanin (HN) is known for its ability to suppress neuronal death induced by AD-related insults. In present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of HN on hypoxia-induced toxicity in RGC-5 cells. Hypoxia mimetic compound cobalt chloride (CoCl₂) could increase the cell viability loss and apoptosis, whereas HN can significantly attenuate these effects. This finding may provide new therapeutics for the retinal neurodegenerative diseases targeting neuroprotection.
Ag-modified LaMnO 3 -graphene nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by the sol-gel technique.The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis and photoluminescence analysis. Highefficiency degradation of Direct Green BE under UV-vis light was achieved for Ag/LaMnO 3 -graphene as photocatalyst. The enhancement of UV-vis photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the high separation efficiency of photoinduced electron-hole pairs resulting from the excellent conductivity of Ag in composites and the formation of multistage drill way, which can promote the adsorption of organic dyes and improve the transfer efficiency of the photocatalytic process. The photocatalytic mechanism was studied by adding hydroxyl radical (cOH), superoxide radical (cO 2À ), and active hole (h + ) scavengers. The results confirmed that h + generated in Ag/LaMnO 3 -graphene played a key role in photocatalysis, with the assistance of cOH. By contrast, cO 2À had the least influence on the process.
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