This study proposed a modified metric inspired by the well-applied “resilience-triangle” framework to integrate the resilience concept within the traffic speed. Firstly, for setting the evolving normal functionality, this study added the concepts of robustness loss and rapidity to characterize and compare the recovery processes of local roads and assess the corresponding resilience under different traffic operation conditions. Secondly, these different evolving resilience patterns provide a quantitative benchmark for detecting the links between resilience and traffic operating conditions and exploring its impact on total resilience. Finally, this study simulated and compared the dynamic evolution of the total resilience of local roads, which accurately captured the weak and poorly resilient road locations. Our findings indicated that the proposed metric was quite efficient and accurate in assisting stakeholders to prioritize the transport planning and the retrofit projects of some specific local roads, which could improve the resilience of overall transport system significantly.
ObjectiveBy using a data-driven statistical approach, we isolated the net effect of multiple government interventions that were simultaneously implemented during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in China.Design, data sources and eligibility criteriaWe gathered epidemiological data and government interventions data of nine cities with local outbreaks during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in China. We employed the Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) framework model to analyse the different pathways of transmission between cities with government interventions implementation and those without. We introduced new components to the standard SEIR model and investigated five themes of government interventions against COVID-19 pandemic.Data extraction and synthesisWe extracted information including study objective, design, methods, main findings and implications. These were tabulated and a narrative synthesis was undertaken given the diverse research designs, methods and implications.ResultsSupported by extensive empirical validation, our results indicated that the net effect of some specific government interventions (including masks, environmental cleaning and disinfection, tracing, tracking and 14-day centralised quarantining close contacts) had been significantly underestimated in the previous investigation. We also identified important moderators and mediators for the effect of certain government interventions, such as closure of shopping mall and restaurant in the medium-risk level areas, etc. Linking the COVID-19 epidemiological dynamics with the implementation timing of government interventions, we detected that the earlier implementation of some specific government interventions (including targeted partial lockdown, tracing, tracking and 14-day centralised quarantining close contacts) achieved the strongest and most timely effect on controlling COVID-19, especially at the early period of local outbreak.ConclusionsThese findings provide important scientific information for decisions regarding which and when government interventions should be implemented to fight against COVID-19 in China and beyond. The proposed analytical framework is useful for policy-making in future endemic and pandemic as well.
Achieving improvement in the resilience of road transport networks by ensuring their smooth functioning and prompt recovery in the event of damage is crucial. This study focused on optimal measures and compared the effect of improvement measures on the resilience of road transport networks. A meta-analysis was performed to assess whether and to what degree the resilience of road transport networks was improved with different categories of measures. The articles were divided based on improvement measures, such as infrastructure investment, structure and planning, traffic signal management, and recovery schedule. The methodology of how to define and measure the resilience of road transport networks is considerably diverse, and most definitions are based on basic infrastructure structures. The efficiency of four types of improvement methods was grouped: structure and planning, infrastructure investment, recovery schedule, and traffic signal management. This study supports the use of structure and planning as a promising way for improving the resilience of road transport networks. Increasing comparability in studies and finally developing effective improvement measures in transport planning and decision making require more precise conceptual and methodological standardization in road transport network resilience.
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