Background: Rubisco, a key photosynthetic enzyme of eight large and eight small subunits, is phylogenetically divided into green and red types. Results: The small subunits of red-type Rubisco contain a C-terminal -hairpin extension that mediates efficient assembly of the holoenzyme. Conclusion: The C-terminal -hairpin renders red-type Rubisco independent of specialized assembly chaperones. Significance: These findings can help in bioengineering red-type Rubisco into crop plants.
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