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Absrroa-Awali is a two-player end-game played on a plank with I2 pits and 48 seeds; the goal ofthe game is to collect 25 seeds before the other player does. In this paper, we illustrate the importance of problem domain representation, using our own Awari playing program: Ayo. We use a Genetic Algorithm to optimize the weights of the feature evaluation function of Ayo. We play Ay0 against a commercially available Awali player, then compare Ayo'r results to the results achieved by an alder Awali player; one that uses a 1-levels deep mini-mar search. Ayo, with a 5-levels deep minimax search, returns better results, duo to better more intelligent representation of the state space. INTRODUCTlONAwari is a very old game that seems to have originated from Ethiopia, and gradually spIead to all of Africa and beyond. The Masai say that the Awari was invented by Sindillo, the son of the first man, Maitoumbe, and was originally called Geshe. It is believed to be about 3500 years old [I].Awari is a game that requires calculation and strategy, with the aim of capturing seeds while keeping to the rules, agreed by the players [13, 161. Due to the number of strategies and amount of calculation involved, Awari has captured the attention of many Artificial lntellieence researchers and computer scientists [3,4].There are up to ten different types of Awari shareware softwares available in the market at the moment. Probably, the most popular software is "Awale" developed by Didier et a/. of Myriad Software [SI.The aim of this paper is to illustrate the advantage of using more features within the evaluation function rather than increasing the search depth in an endgame such as Awari is a game played by two players. It is traditionally played on a plank of wood with twelve pits.The pits are arranged into two rows (north and south) of six pits each. It has 48 seeds, as shown in Fig.1 [I, 141.The objective of the game is to capture as many seeds as possible. Each seed is worth one victory point, and when one of the players gets at least 25 seeds he wins.To start, four seeds are placed in each of the twelve pits on the board. The player on the north side must then choose one of the pits on his side of the board. The player scoops up all four seeds and sows them in a counterclockwise fashion around the board. This is done by placing one seed in the pit to the right of the original pit, then one seed in the pit to the right of that one, and so on until there are no more seeds left in the player's hand.When a player gets to the last pit on his side, he simply places a seed in his opponent's pit and keeps going counter-clockwise. If a player has enough seeds to go all the way around the board (generally known as kroo move), he skips the pit he started with.

Owing to their speed of excution as well as their limited reliance on detailed knowledge of the terrain characteristics of the service environments, empirical propagation models have enjoyed general acceptability in the wireless communication research community. However, recent industrial observations show that no single propagation model can best fit all the radio service environments, which led to the hypothesis of specific models for specific environments. In order to scientifically verify this hypothesis, the study presented in this paper investigated the performance of the free space propagation loss (FSPL) model in two different radio environments characterised with different types of obstructions. The investigation was conducted through field strength distribution measurement of two broadcasting radio stations transmitting at 96.5 MHz and 102.3 MHz. The field strength measurement data obtained were analysed. The result of the analysis shows gross disparity between the measured path losses and calculated path losses using FSPL model. The disparity thus necessitates the modification of the FSPL model in order to develop each propagation model for each of the two radio stations employed and their environment. The developed models were then evaluated to ascertain their performances relative to the FSPL model. The performance evaluation results show that the predictions of the developed propagation models vary for each of the two environments. Furthermore, the comparative performance evaluation result of the developed models with similar studies in the literature shows that the developed models perform favourably. The overall result from the developed models confirms the hypothesis that each location requires a specific propagation model for proper radio wave design and quality of signal transmission and reception. ABSTRAK: Kelebihan yang ada pada kelajuan perlaksanaannya dan juga kurang pergantungannya pada butiran terperinci ciri-ciri khusus bentuk rupa bumi di persekitaran servisnya, model penyebaran empirik telah diterima umum dalam komuniti kajian komunikasi tanpa wayar. Walau bagaimanapun, pemerhatian industri terkini menunjukkan tidak ada sebarang model penyebaran yang sesuai bagi semua keadaan servis radio, ini menghala kepada hipotesis keperluan model tertentu pada keadaan servis tertentu. Bagi menentusahkan secara saintifik hipotesis ini, kajian yang dibentangkan dalam kertas ini mengkaji tentang prestasi model kehilangan penyebaran pada ruang bebas (FSPL) dalam dua persekitaran radio berlainan melalui beberapa jenis halangan berbeza. Kajian telah dijalankan ke atas dua stesen radio penyiaran pada frekuensi 96.5 MHz dan 102.3 MHz melalui ukuran sebaran ruang keupayaan. Data ukuran ruang keupayaan telah diperoleh dan dianalisa. Keputusan analisis menunjukkan keputusan tidak seragam yang melampau antara ukuran kehilangan laluan dan pada kiraan model FSPL. Ketidaksamaan ini memungkinkan keperluan mengubah model FSPL bagi membangunkan model penyebaran pada setiap dua radio stesen yang digunakan dan persekitarannya. Model yang dibangunkan ini kemudiannya dinilai bagi mengesahkan prestasinya dengan model FSPL. Keputusan penilaian menunjukkan perbezaan pada jangkaan model penyebaran bagi setiap dua keadaan. Tambahan, keputusan perbandingan model yang dibangunkan dalam karya ini adalah serupa seperti kajian lain yang berkaitan. Secara keseluruhannya model yang dibangunkan ini mengesahkan hipotesis bahawa setiap lokasi memerlukan model penyebaran bagi rekaan gelombang radio yang sesuai dan juga kualiti signal penyebaran dan penerimaan.

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Over the past decade, different image segmentation algorithms have been developed and employed in segmenting or analyzing brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in the clinical applications for the detection of brain tumor. However, accurate detection, compression and transmission of brain tumor data remain parts of the challenging tasks militating against brain tumor telemedicine services due to the complex nature of brain tumor MRI scans. In overcoming this challenge, five different brain tumor segmentation algorithms were developed for this study. The algorithms were developed using MATLAB scripts. The developed algorithms were evaluated using patients’ data retrieved from Mayfield website. The result of the comparative performance compression rate efficiency evaluation test carried out shows that the developed hybrid threshold-watershed segmentation algorithm outperforms others in terms of compression efficiency. The result implies that the usage of the developed hybrid threshold-watershed segmentation algorithm in transmitting brain tumor patients’ data transmission over wireless communication system will require limited bandwidth resource.