Abstract. Biomaterials, such as Hydroxyapatite (HA) and Bioactive glass (BG) have been increasingly implemented in bone substitution due to their biocompatibility and close resemblance to the mineralized phase of human bone. Furthermore, biomaterials can be synthesized from natural sources with calcium-based skeletal structures. In this study, HA and BG were synthesized from bovine bone and mollusk shell, and mixed together to form HA-BG composite biomaterial. Then, the mixtures were compressed into a compact scaffold with dimension of 8×6×8 mm 3 , sintered at 1,000 ˚C for 3 hours and cooled down to room temperature. The compressive strengths of all specimens were evaluated using a universal testing machine. Experimental design was implemented to evaluate the significant factors of forming conditions on the mechanical property of the scaffold. The results revealed that all forming factors have a significant effect on the mechanical property of the composite scaffolds. Consequently, the highest compressive strength (136.92 MPa) was obtained from the scaffold with a 5.85 wt% of BG, 23.41 MPa of pressure and 65.64 seconds of holding time. In addition, Finite Element (FE) modeling was performed to simulate the HA-BG plate under combined loading, and showed that stresses were concentrated near the fracture site and the screw holes.
The seed of rice (Oryza sativa L.) from the highlands of northern Thailand, which is located within the species' centre of diversity, constitutes some of the world's last local rice germplasm still retained on-farm, provides local farmers and communities with a readily accessible resource, and is a source of value-adding traits for rice breeding. This paper reports on the germplasm represented by 281 seed samples collected in 2013 from an area of the highlands between latitudes 17.76°N to 20.18°N and longitudes 97.76°E to 100.48°E. The samples were provided by farmers belonging to 10 ethnicities, in number that closely correlated with the groups' share of the highland population (r = 0.84; P < 0.01). Compared with the slender grain rice of the lowlands, the highland germplasm was distinctive in its grain shape, and classed as large grain type in the husk, and medium grain type as de-husked, brown rice. The rice, which was predominantly of non-glutinous grain type and grown mainly as upland rice, had generally higher iron concentrations than rice in the lowlands; thus demonstrating how an on-farm rice germplasm may directly benefit local farmers and communities who consume the rice they grow. In addition, potential value-adding traits were identified in varieties and seed samples with the highest zinc density and novel rice with pigmented pericarp and high anti-oxidative capacity.
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