Uncertainty theory is a branch of mathematics for modeling indeterminacy, especially belief degrees. This paper considers an application of uncertainty theory in team orienteering problem with time windows. In the problem, travel time is uncertain with known uncertainty distribution, and the impact of uncertainties on visit time and total profit cannot be ignored. Based on the uncertainty theory, a model of uncertain team orienteering problem with time windows (UTOPTW) is established. Since the UTOPTW cannot be solved to optimality within polynomial time, an improved iterated search algorithm is designed considering uncertainties in the insertion step. Finally, several numerical instances are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. INDEX TERMS Uncertainty theory, team orienteering problem with time windows, uncertain programming, iterated local search.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.