Reactive power management is one of the imperative ancillary services provided by TSO (Transmission System Operator). This reactive power imbalance mainly occurs at transmission levels, and TSO pays generators for managing reactive power. DSO (Distribution System Operator), DER (Distributed Energy Resources), and DG (Distributed Generators) cannot take part in this provision to TSO due to regulations, specifically in Italy. The paper discusses the needs for reactive power management, and comparison of different existing compensation techniques. It talks about the regulatory restrictions, and some proposals for changes, for participation in ancillary market. The paper then discusses about the use of DER as an aggregated virtual power plant to serve as reactive power compensation technique.
Modern era is full of renewable energy resources, particularly wind and solar that are installed at both Low and Medium voltage nodes of the distribution system. With the diffusion of new resources in the distribution grid, a new challenge for the system operators is to cope up with the introduced changes in the distribution network. These changes can be on voltage levels, magnitudes and direction of current, and changes in power factor. The reduced visibility of these additives to operators require provision of ancillary services to ensure power system reliability and stability. In order to give flexibility to operator, and in particular DSO for distribution grid, the paper suggests the use of distribution level aggregators to serve as sub-DSO (JDSO). These aggregators utilize the three main components: Electrical energy storage system, customers demand response, and the renewable resources (PV and wind). These aggregators utilize a platform where all these actors can participate. DSO-JDSOs interaction is possible through the platform, and the local problems at distribution can be resolved before it goes to TSO. Paper presents and simulates the platform, develop test cases, and validate the model.
Diversity in modern grid, specifically due to distributed energy resources, appeals for the developments in all the sectors of power system. Voltage changes at low and medium voltage nodes, and penetration of voltage sources due to distributed generation put in stake the power system reliability, power quality, and power system protection devices. One of the major developments is to compensate for these voltage changes through reactive power provision, and customers demand is a significant actor for these reactive power changes. The paper discusses the architecture for virtual power plant, and the interaction of customers meters through VPP controller. The paper develops the HMI to access the reactive power metering at customers end, and a recording tool for the readings at VPP controller.
Reactive power provision is a vital ancillary service, which provides opportunities to service market and power generators. The net reactive power in a balanced power grid needs to be zero, and the imbalance occurs due to the capacitive and inductive behavior of the extensive transmission lines, and because of the intermittent behavior of load-demand. This mismanagement in reactive power causes voltage instability, and hence the paper compares the most common reactive power compensation techniques, which are prevalent in both literature and commercial levels. The paper perceives the trade-off between the compared techniques, and realizes to use the aggregation of different techniques to present a coordinated control mechanism that complies with the Italian regulations. The parameters for the proposed aggregation include the amount of reactive power, real power losses during reactive power provision, and response time. The paper then implements IEEE 9 bus transmission-generation system in DIgSILENT to set up the platform for validation of the proposed strategy. Finally, it simulates Transmission System Operator (TSO) test cases on the implemented test system.
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