Radiological imaging is an important modality of today's overall practicum. Imaging can begin as early as the 1st day of life. Neonates are 3–4 times more sensitive to radiation than adults. The purpose of the work was to assess the diagnostic reference level (DRL), the radiation organ dose, and effective organ dose for both sexes from chest anteroposterior radiograph, which is the most common radiographic examination performed at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The entrance air kerma was measured using a solid-state PIN type detector, and the value was used as the input factor to PCXMC-2.0 software to calculate the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK), patient-specific organ dose, and effective dose originated from chest anteroposterior examinations of neonates at NICU. The mean value of ESAK is taken as a diagnostic reference level (DRL) for neonates (both male and female). The mean ESAK value of male neonates is (79.6 ± 1.4) μGy and for female is (79.9 ± 1.9) μGy, and the institutional diagnostic reference level (DRL) is 80.35 μGy for male and 81.2 μGy for female (i.e., third quartile value). A statistical dependency (correlation) between neonates body mass index (BMI) and ESAK was defined for both the sexes. Significant positive correlation was found between ESAK per patient with respect to BMI of both male (R = 0.83, P = 0.00001) and female (R = 0.72, P = 0.00055) neonates. The results for neonatal dose in NICU were compatible with the literature. The result presented will serve as baseline data for the selection of technical parameters in neonatal chest anteroposterior X-ray examination.
In the radiological department, the computed tomography (CT) scan process has become a greater radiation dosage that contributes to all medical X-ray treatments. Many studies throughout the world have found that CT accounts for just 5% of all operations conducted yet accounts for 34% of yearly radiation exposures in all medical X-ray treatments. Similarly, other studies have found that CT accounts for 17% of all operations conducted worldwide but accounts for 49% of total yearly doses in all medical X-ray treatments. Because diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are one of the ways of optimizing a dose in a CT procedure, the goal of this review is to provide a DRLs for adults who undergo chest and abdomen CT scan examinations in northern India, based on research for this region and comparing with international values to see if better optimization protocol is being practiced. DRLs for the chest are 18.35mGy for CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) and 765 mGy.cm for dose length product (DLP), according to this review, while DRLs for the abdomen are 18.25 mGy and 1870.75 mGy.cm for CTDI (vol) and DLP, respectively. As a result, all of the DRLs examined had greater values than the international values compared, with the exception of CTDI (vol) of International Commission on Radiological Protection 2007 publications. CT technology is in desperate need of an update. In the northern region, optimizing methods, including exposure and technical parameter selection, should reduce dose fluctuations.
Computed tomography (CT) scans of Coronary Angiography have significantly aided in the diagnosis of disorders of the coronary artery. In contrast to other radiological examinations, the patient's radiation exposure is notably higher. This study aimed to optimize the radiation dose and estimate the adequate amount in computed tomography (CT) for coronary angiography. A total of 380 patients were referred to the Primus Diagnostic Centre and Heath City Hospital, Guwahati Assam, during the study with coronary artery disturbances. Data on the technical parameters used in CT procedures were taken in 2022. The aim and study's objective was Organ and surface dose to specific radiosensitive organs (Chest) estimation using software imPACT 1.0.4 from National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) SR250 Monte Carlo dataset. The study population (n = 380) comprised 190 men and 190 women with an average age of 29 to 75 years. The Mean ± SD of BMI and ED are 22.42±1.06 and 21.57±4.27 respectively. The mean DLP is 854.67, and the mean ED is 21.57. The effective doses for males (13- 27) mSv were in females (13-29) mSv. This study was a pioneer in presenting actual amounts of CT examinations in Assam because other countries have already started with more advanced CT procedures, such as dosages for paediatrics, coronary angiography and CT fluoroscopy. With this study, there may be more opportunities to create complex new studies or enhance the data from related studies that may be done in future work. The high precision with minimum risk, the current study can be considered as the need of the hour.
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