Microbes secrete molecules that modify their environment. Here, we demonstrate a class of synthetic disaccharide derivatives (DSDs) that mimics and dominates the activity of naturally secreted rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The DSDs exhibit the dual function of activating and inhibiting the swarming motility through a concentration-dependent activity reversal that is characteristic of signaling molecules. Whereas DSDs tethered with a saturated farnesyl group exhibit inhibition of both biofilm formation and swarming motility, with higher activities than rhamnolipids, a saturated farnesyl tethered with a sulfonate group only inhibits swarming motility but promote biofilm formation. These results identified important structural elements for controlling swarming motility, biofilm formation, and bacterial adhesion and suggest an effective chemical approach to control intertwined signaling processes that are important for biofilm formation and motilities.
The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of mackerel (Trachurus japonicas) processing byproducts protein hydrolysate with iron-binding capacity in vitro simulated gastrointestinal systems. The changes in molecular weight distribution and iron-binding capacity were used for evaluating the stability of the hydrolysate in simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The molecular weight of mackerel hydrolysate with iron-binding capacity was mostly less than 1300 Da and composted mainly by tripeptides to undepeptides. The hydrolysate was stable in gastric or intestinal digestion separately for 5 h, or two-stage gastrointestinal digestion. The iron-binding capacity did not change significantly during gastrointestinal digestion. The mackerel processing byproducts hydrolysate had potential in iron fortification functional ingredients of food industry.
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